Bio SG final

1. How is energy released from an ATP molecule, and what does it become after the energy is used

ATP loses a phosphate and becomes ADP.

2. Explain why cellular respiration is considered a “biochemical pathway”

It uses many reactions to make ATP.

3. Compare where the beginning and end of cellular respiration take place within a eukaryotic cell

It starts in the cytoplasm and ends in mitochondria.

4. Why do your muscles feel sore after extreme exercise in terms of fermentation

Lactic acid builds up when oxygen is low.

5. Describe the relationship between the products of photosynthesis and the reactants of cellular respiration

Photosynthesis makes glucose and oxygen used in respiration.

6. What is the specific role of oxygen in the Electron Transport Chain

It accepts electrons and forms water.

7. In the Krebs Cycle, what happens to the carbon atoms that were originally part of the glucose molecule

They are released as carbon dioxide.

8. Why is it beneficial for a plant cell to have both chloroplasts and mitochondria

Chloroplasts make food, mitochondria release energy.

9. Contrast the energy output (ATP) of aerobic respiration versus anaerobic fermentation

Aerobic makes 36–38 ATP; fermentation makes 2 ATP.

10. How does a chemoautotroph differ from a photoautotroph in how it obtains energy

Chemo uses chemicals; photo uses sunlight.

11. Why did Gregor Mendel remove the anthers (male parts) of certain pea plants during his experiments

To prevent self-pollination.

12. Define the Law of Segregation in your own words

Alleles separate during gamete formation.

13. Explain the Law of Independent Assortment and how it contributes to genetic variety

Different genes separate independently.

14. What is the difference between an organism’s genotype and its phenotype

Genotype = genes; phenotype = traits.

15. If a trait appears in every generation of a family’s pedigree, is it likely dominant or recessive

It is likely dominant.

16. Describe a scenario involving codominance in animal fur or flower color

Both colors show equally.

17. How does a monohybrid cross differ from a dihybrid cross

Monohybrid = one trait; dihybrid = two traits.

18. Explain why a male is more likely to express a sex-linked (X-linked) recessive trait than a female

Males only have one X chromosome.

19. What does a “carrier” represent in a genetic pedigree

Has one recessive allele but no trait.

20. How can environmental factors, such as altitude or temperature, affect the expression of a gene

They can change gene expression.

21. What are the three components of a single nucleotide

Sugar, phosphate, and base.

22. Explain Chargaff’s Rules regarding DNA base pairing

A pairs with T, C pairs with G.

23. Contrast the structural differences between DNA and RNA

DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded.

24. Describe the process of DNA replication and why it is called “semi-conservative”

Each new DNA has one old strand.

25. What is the primary goal of the transcription process

To make mRNA from DNA.

26. Where in the cell does translation occur, and what organelle is responsible for it

At ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

27. Define the role of tRNA (transfer RNA) during the assembly of a protein

It brings amino acids.

28. What is a codon, and how many nucleotides make up one

A 3-base sequence for an amino acid.

29. Explain how a mutation in a DNA sequence might result in a non-functional protein

It can change the protein’s shape.

30. What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine

Purines have 2 rings; pyrimidines have 1.

31. What was the main objective of the Miller-Urey experiment

To test how life molecules formed.

32. Describe the “Endosymbiont Theory” regarding the origin of mitochondria

Mitochondria were once bacteria.

33. How does “Relative Dating” help scientists determine the age of fossils

It compares rock layers.

34. Explain the “Law of Superposition” in the context of a hillside with many rock layers

Lower layers are older.

35. What was the significance of the Cambrian Explosion in Earth’s history

Many new species appeared.

36. How did the breakup of Pangea affect the evolution of separated populations

Species evolved differently.

37. What did Louis Pasteur’s “S-shaped flask” experiment prove regarding biogenesis

Life comes from life.

38. Why is the presence of circular DNA in chloroplasts considered evidence for endosymbiosis

It suggests they were bacteria.

39. Describe the atmospheric conditions of early Earth compared to those of Earth today

Less oxygen, more gases.

40. How can a mass extinction event actually lead to an increase in biodiversity over time

New species can evolve.

41. Why do scientists use Latin binomial nomenclature instead of common names

It avoids confusion.

42. List the levels of biological hierarchy from Kingdom down to Species

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

43. What is a “cladogram,” and what does it represent

A diagram of evolutionary relationships.

44. Explain the difference between an ancestral character and a derived character

Ancestral = older trait; derived = newer trait.

45. Define taxonomy in the context of evolutionary history

Classifying organisms.

46. What is homeostasis

Maintaining internal balance.

47. Give an example of a negative feedback loop in the human body

Sweating when hot.

48. How does a cell membrane contribute to the homeostasis of a single cell

Controls what enters and leaves.

49. What happens to an organism if it is unable to maintain homeostasis

It may get sick or die.

50. Why is “structure” often related to “function” in biological systems

Shape helps it do its job.