Native American Culture, Colonization, and the American Revolution Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Native American cultural groups, European colonial systems (Spanish, French, Dutch, English), and the escalating tensions leading to the American Revolution.

Arctic

Eskimo, Inuit

Plains Indians

Sioux, Comanche, Wichita

Northeast / great lakes

Iroquois, Algonquin, Powhatan

Southwest

Hopi, Pueblo

Southeast

Cherokee, Creek, Mississippi

Arctic

survived on hunting, gathering, and fishing because farming was difficult in the cold climate.

Plains Indians

Migratory bison hunters who lived in teepees and utilized horses introduced from Europe.

Northeast / great lakes

survived on hunting and gathering, grew the $3$ sisters, and practiced slash and burn agriculture.

Slash and burn agriculture

A farming method where forests are cut and burned to use ash to fertilize the land before moving once the soil loses nutrients.

Longhouses

The specific type of dwellings used by the Iroquois.

Southwest

Native American group that lived in clay houses or cliff dwellings and survived on Maize (corn) agriculture in a dry climate.

Southeast

Settled communities known for agriculture and the Mississippian culture, specifically the Cahokia mounds.

Casta system

A racial hierarchy where a person's social status was determined by their race

Mestizo

European + Indigenous/Native American

Zambo

African + Indigenous

Mulatto

European + African

New France

like Quebec, lucrative fur trade networks with indigenous colonies,

Louisiana was founded in hopes of

stopping Spanish expansion near the Gulf of Mexico by controlling the Mississippi river.

established New Netherland - dutch colony

Dutch west company

New Amsterdam

company town built by the Dutch on Manhattan Island, run in the interests of stockholders and profit.

Roanoke

lost colony

Anti-miscegenation laws

Laws first passed in Virginia and Maryland to ban interracial relationships and marriage.

House of Burgesses

The first representative self-government born in the English colonies, jamestown

Maryland established as

refuge for persecuted English Catholics.

Georgia established to

buffer between the British colonies and the hostile Spanish settlement in Florida and the French in Louisiana.

Mayflower

The ship used for the $65$ day voyage funded by the Virginia company that brought Pilgrims to Plymouth.

French and Indian War

A conflict that started in the Ohio Valley and spread globally as the Seven Years War, triggered by Washington's actions at Fort Duquesne and Fort Necessity.

Treaty of Paris

Agreement that gave Britain all of Canada, the Ohio valley, and almost all land east of the Mississippi river, shattering the myth of British invincibility.

First Continental Congress

A meeting held in Philadelphia to discuss responses to the "Intolerable Acts."

Minutemen

Colonial militia members who forced a British retreat at Lexington and Concord, the redcoats suffered many casualties.

Second Continental Congress

A meeting that adopted measures to raise money for an army and navy and selected George Washington as commander.

Olive Branch Petition

A list of grievances sent to the King by the Second Continental Congress with no initial intention of independence.

Navigation Acts

The most famous British laws used to enforce mercantilism in the colonies.

Mercantilism

economic system where colonies existed mainly to make the mother country richer and more powerful.

Sugar Act

A law that increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the Caribbean, which was later reduced after American protein.

Quartering Act

Legislation requiring colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.

Stamp Act

A mandate for the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps to certify the payment of tax.

Townshend Acts

Acts passed by Parliament that placed light taxes on lead, paper, paint, and tea.

Boston Tea Party

A protest where colonists disguised as Indians dumped $342$ chests of tea into the ocean.

Intolerable Acts

A series of punitive laws including the Boston Port Act and the Massachusetts Government Act.

Boston Port Act

Part of the Intolerable Acts that closed Boston harbor until retribution for the dumped tea was paid.

Massachusetts Government Act

Part of the Intolerable Acts that revoked the charter of the Massachusetts colony.