Human Geography Unit 7

Primary Sector

Extraction of natural (raw) resources from the earth.

Secondary Sector

Processes and manufactures products using materials from the primary sector.

Tertiary Sector

Provides services to consumers (does not produce goods.)

Quaternary Sector

Knowledge based sector that includes research and development, business consulting, financial services, education and software development. Goal is to improve products, requires a highly educated society.

Quinary Sector

Highest levels of decision making, includes top officials gov and business.

Scarcity

Shortage of goods

Industrial revolution

A series of improvements to industrial technology that drastically changed the process of manufacturing goods

Cottage industry

Items were produced at home or in small shops for sale at the local market or for barter

Industrial revolution hearths

the industrial revolution originated in areas of northern england C. 1750. Factories were clustered near raw materials

Hydropower

Factories often located near rivers. Allowed for shorter distance to transport resources bc its heavy and will be cheaper

Steam power

Factories were often located near rivers (invention → steam engine)

Periphery Economic Sector

Most jobs will be in the primary level

NI semi-periphery

Transition into the secondary industry, some tertiary

Core

Most jobs in tertiary, quaternary, and quinary

Break-of-bulk point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

Weber's least cost theory

- The location of raw materials

- The location of the market

- Transportation costs

Agglomeration

Similar businesses cluster in the same area (malls, restaurants, shopping centers)

Businesses support each other, reduces costs

Weight gaining industry

when the final product weighs more than the raw material

Weight reducing industry

when the finished product weighs less than the raw material

Two similar businesses cluster to reduce shipping costs and increase shared profits.

Agglomeration

Global North

Wealthier, more developed countries

Global South

Less developed countries

Rowstow's Stages of Economic Growth (Modernization)

A model showing the stages of modernization to track where each country is in the process of modernizing

Stage 1

Agriculture

Stage 2

Infrastructure, specialization

Stage 3

Industrialization, regional growth, political change

Stage 4

Diversification, less imports

Stage 5

High mass consumption, service sector becomes dominant (tertiary sector)

Rowstow Theory Criticism

Too simple, it treats every country like a solo player, ignoring how trade, colonialism, and global power dynamics affect their growth.

Dependency Theory

Peripheral countries stay poor not because of their own choices, but because wealthy countries continue to exploit them for cheap resources and labor. (Neocolonialism)

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory (dependency)

Explains the uneven distribution of development in the world based on core, periphery, and semi-periphery. Core countires are most developed due to early adaptation of industrialization, in contrast to peripheral.

Commodity Dependence Theory

The percentage of a country's economy devoted to commodity export can often predict the level of devleopment in that country.

Commodities

Agricultural products/raw materials bought and sold on the global market

Human development index (HDI)

Factors and demographics that show the well-being of a country OR (quality of life) of a country

GDP

Value of all goods and services by a country's residents and businesses

GNP

measures production inside a country, no matter who makes it

Traditional Society

type of society where behavior is based on long-standing customs, habits, and traditions

High Mass Consumption

economy shifts from heavy industry to consumer goods. Population declines, workforce becomes highly educated, people buy non-essential goods.

Take Off

Full industrialization, advances in technology

Pre-Conditions to Take Off

beginning of industrialization and urbanization

specialization

becoming more efficient in production of a resource

Comparative Advantages

A country has a comparative advantage at producing something IF they can produce it at lower cost than anyone else.

Neoliberalism

a form of liberalism tending to favor free-market capitalism.

Neoliberal policies have led to:

the creation of new organizations (WTO, EU, Mercosur, USMCA, etc.) spatial connections and trade relationships that foster globalization.

Free Trade Zone

An area, often regional, where barriers to trade (tariffs, etc. ) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.

MAQUILADORAS

American owned factories in Mexico that hire low wage (paid) Mexican workers.

OPEC

eliminates competition and raise prices

Special Economic Zones (SEZ

areas in which business & trade laws are different from other parts of the country. SEZ's gave the poor more freedom to move and sell their products in open markets.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production in the mid-1700s

outsourcing

moving jobs to other countries to save money on labor costs

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country within a year; including money that leaves and enters the country

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality

Microlending

Giving small loans to ppl (mostly women) in developing countries who wouldn't qualify for traditional bank loans.

Criticisms of Wallerstein Theory

Provides little explanation as to how a country could rise from peripheral to core.

Criticisms of Rostows Theory

Eurocentric/western (US and Europe) biased; assumes all countries want to and should develop like them, lacks account for interdependence.

Interdependence

A relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services