Unit 9

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Globalization

The increasing economic, political, and social interconnectedness of the world. Ex. Trade Routes, Imperialism, World Wars

Communication technology

The development of faster and more widespread ways for people to share information across long distances; this includes technologies like radio, television, the internet, and mobile phones, which together made communication almost instant, increased global connectivity, and spread ideas, news, and culture more quickly than ever before.

Transportation Tech

Advances in transportation that made moving people and goods across long distances faster, cheaper, and more efficient; air travel increased global mobility and tourism, while standardized containers allowed goods to be easily transferred between ships, trucks, and trains, boosting international trade and economic integration.

Energy Technology

Major energy sources that powered industrial growth and global connections; petroleum fueled transportation and industry, making large-scale trade and travel possible, while nuclear power provided a high-output energy source that supported industrial expansion and reduced reliance on fossil fuels in some regions.

Medical Technologies

New medical advancements that changed population trends and health outcomes; birth control methods gave people more control over reproduction, leading to lower birth rates in many regions with access, while vaccines and antibiotics reduced disease and death, increasing life expectancy and overall population growth.

Agricultural Technology

Changes in agriculture that greatly increased food production; commercial farming focused on large-scale production for profit, while new technologies and high-yield crops boosted output, allowing more food to be produced on the same land and supporting rapid population growth, especially in developing regions. (Green revolution)

Green revolution

A development in which scientists applied the methods of genetic modification to food and created new strains of high-yielding grain crops

Influenza Pandemic 1918

A global pandemic where about 50 million people died over 2 years. it had a massive impact on the demographics around the world as it disproportionately affected working age people

Malaria

A disease associated with poverty. A disease spread through infected mosquitos. Occurs in large numbers throughout warmer, tropical regions

Heart Disease & Alzheimer’s

Disease associated with aging population. Since people live longer these diseases become more frequent in older people. Medical advanes have been developed to treat these diseases

Enviromental effects of urbanization

Trees are being cut down for homes and cities and also for farms to feed people. This increased the number of animal species going extinct and the greater degree of pollution, Deforestation. Another example is the decline in Air quality, due to fossil fuels in the air, in major cities. Desertification, where farmland becomes infertile due to over-cultivation. Increased consumption of Freshwater Supply, only about 3% of all water is drinking and useful for crops so growing competition has risen over the years. Climate Change, the warming of the planet due to the release of greenhouse gasses

Climate Change Depate

Developed Nations

All ready industrialized, were most responsible for clime change, the wealthiest nations in the world and also agree that greenhouse gases should be limited

Developing Nations

Usually former colonies of industrialized nations, only way to compete on the world stage in the industrialize, means they have to add to the climate change

Change in government control on the economy

States went from more state controlled economies during the Great depression to free market economies in the newer times. Like Ronald Reagan of the U.S. and Margaret Thatcher of the U.K. who was very hands of in the economy.

Advanced Nations priority in the work space

Global Economics. In the late 20th century, advanced industrial countries shifted from manufacturing-based economies to service-based economies focused on finance, technology, and information; this reduced traditional factory work and increased jobs in offices, banking, and global trade. In Finland (Knowledge workers), this change was seen as heavy industry like coal mining and steel production declined while Finland grew into a major global software manufacturer.

Manufacturing changes

Globalization of Economics. the first half of the 20th century factories were located in the developed nations, but to the end of the 20th century they were located in developing countries. To make space for work offices and allow business to pay lower wages to foreign workers. (Like Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico, and Honduras)

Global economic Institute

An organization that helps manage international trade and economic stability between countries; for example, the world trade organization one major institution sets global trade rules, helps resolve disputes between nations, and encourages open markets to support economic growth worldwide.

Reginal Trade Agreements

A formal agreement between neighboring countries to reduce trade barriers like tariffs and increase economic cooperation; for example, A political and economic partnership between European countries (European Union) reduced trade barriers, adopted shared regulations, and coordinated policies to strengthen economic integration and stability across Europe.

Multinational corporation

A large company that operates in multiple countries, producing and selling goods or services across national borders; in practice, these firms set up factories, supply chains, and markets around the world to increase profits and efficiency. A specific example is Nestlé, a global food and beverage company that expanded production and distribution internationally, becoming one of the largest corporations in the world.

Globalization of Culture

This like music, (Reggae and K-Pop), Entertainment like (Hollywood and Bollywood), sports like the (Olympics or the World Cup), consumer culture, like what people buy and what they make (brands like Coca-Cola, Toyota), and online retailers like (Alibaba, Amazon, or Ebay) were all spread across the world

Government resisting Globalization culture (China)

By limiting outside information and controlling what people can access and see; in practice, the government restricts foreign websites and social media, promotes state-approved media, and encourages traditional and national culture to reduce the influence of Western ideas. (Facebook Tiktok, youtube, could be banned in different countries)

United Nations

A global institute. It was created after WW2. Successor to the League of Nations, its aim was to prevent war, and facilitate cooperation among the worlds nations. It has the General Assembly, (all member states 193), responsible for discussing and making polices. Also has the Security Council, which is responsible for keeping peace, made up of 5 members (U.S. China, France, Russia, U.K.) and 10 rotating other members.They have the ability to veto things and send military peacekeepers

Economic Institutions

The world bank was created to provide financial assistances for the reconstruction of Europe Post WW2. It then shifted its focus to prove loans and assistances to developing countries. The International Monetary Fund, was created to facilitate monetary cooperation among all member states. (monetary - the money system/currency being used)

Global Reform Movements

Globalization caused rights-based discourse, where they challenged old assumptions about race, class gender, and religion. (Universal Declaration of Human Rights). Also caused Feminist/Negritude Movements that called for the right for women to vote. Globalization allow allowed for Access to education and politics for various groups, like the civil rights act U.S., or the caste reservation system in India. And Religion based reform like the rise of Liberation theology in Latin America.

Environmentalism

A resistance movement of globalizationIt challenges the global spread of industrialization and mass production by pushing for limits on resource use and pollution; in practice, environmental movements promote sustainable development, oppose practices that damage ecosystems, and pressure governments and corporations to regulate global economic activity to protect the environment. (like the Greenpeace)

World Fair trade organization

A resistance movement of globalization. A global network that promotes fairer trading conditions for producers in developing regions; in practice, it supports paying workers fair wages, ensuring safe working conditions, and giving small farmers and artisans better access to international markets to reduce inequality in global trade.

Battle for seattle

A major protest in 1999 where demonstrators disrupted a global trade meeting in a U.S. city; in practice, activists opposed organizations that promote free trade, arguing that globalization harmed workers, the environment, and developing economies, leading to large-scale clashes with police and drawing worldwide attention to anti-globalization movements.