everything AP LANG & COMP!!!!

TO STUDY MAXX -- learn mode answering with BOTH terms and definition

What is the definition of Ad Hominem

Which fallacy attacks the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself, when the attack on the person is completely irrelevant to the argument the person is making.

What is the logical form of Ad Hominem

Which fallacy is this the logical form of:

Person 1 is claiming Y.

Person 1 is a moron.

Therefore, Y is not true.

Which fallacy is this an example of: My opponent suggests that lowering taxes will be a good idea -- this is coming from a woman who eats a pint of Ben and Jerry’s each night!

What is an example of Ad Hominem

What is the definition of Argument From Authority

Which fallacy uses an authority as evidence in your argument when the authority is not really an authority on the facts relevant to the argument. As the audience, allowing an irrelevant authority to add credibility to the claim being made.

What is the logical form of Argument From Authority

Which fallacy is this the logical form of:

According to person 1, Y is true.

Therefore, Y is true.

Which fallacy is this an example of: My 5th-grade teacher once told me that girls would go crazy for boys if they learn how to dance. Therefore, if you want to make the ladies go crazy for you, learn to dance.

What is an example of Argument from Authority

What is the definition of Argument From Ignorance or Appeal to Ignorance

Which fallacy is the assumption of a conclusion or fact based primarily on lack of evidence to the contrary. Usually best described by, “absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”

What is the logical form of Argument From Ignorance or Appeal to Ignorance

Which fallacy is this the logical form of:

X is true because you cannot prove that X is false.

X is false because you cannot prove that X is true.

What fallacy is this an example of: Although we have proven that the moon is not made of spare ribs, we have not proven that its core cannot be filled with them; therefore, the moon’s core is filled with spare ribs.

What is an example of Argument From Ignorance or Appeal to Ignorance

What is the definition of Bandwagon

Which fallacy comes from the phrase "jump on the bandwagon" or "climb on the bandwagon," a bandwagon being a wagon big enough to hold a band of musicians. In past political campaigns, candidates would ride a bandwagon through town, and people would show support for the candidate by climbing aboard the wagon. The phrase has come to refer to joining a cause because of its popularity.

Which fallacy is this example: Everyone is selfish; everyone is doing what he believes will make himself happier. The recognition of that can take most of the sting out of accusations that you're being "selfish." Why should you feel guilty for seeking your own happiness when that's what everyone else is doing, too?

What is an example of Bandwagon

What is the definition of Begging the Question or Circular Argument

Which fallacy is any form of argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises. Many people use the phrase “begging the question” incorrectly when they use it to mean, “prompts one to ask the question”. That is NOT the correct usage. Begging the question is a form of circular reasoning.

What is the logical form of Begging the Question or Circular Argument

Which fallacy follows this logical form:

Claim X assumes X is true.

Therefore, claim X is true.

Which fallacy is this: Paranormal activity is real because I have experienced what can only be described as paranormal activity.

What is an example of Begging the Question or Circular Argument

What is the definition of Dogmatism

What fallacy occurs when one doctrine is pushed, often intensely, as the only acceptable conclusion and that that belief is beyond question. Dogmatists are unwilling to even consider an opposing argument and believe that they are so correct that they can’t even examine evidence to the contrary. Some even believe that thinking about questioning the position is wrong. Anyone who disagrees with the position is branded as either stupid or evil.

Which fallacy is this an example of: I believe that cookies and cream ice cream is the best there is, and that’s that.

What is an example of Dogmatism

What is the definition of Equivocation/Glittering Generalization/Weasel Words

Using an ambiguous term in more than one sense, thus making an argument misleading.

Which fallacy do these examples support:

• Annoying coworkers give me a headache. Acetaminophen gets rid of headaches. Acetaminophen will get rid of annoying coworkers.

• A self-defense class teaches participants how to fight better, but fighting is wrong. So we should not have a self defense class on campus.

What are examples of Equivocation/Glittering Generalization/Weasel Words

What is the definition of False Dichotomy

This fallacy simply paints an issue as one between two extremes with no possible room for middle ground or nuance or compromise. It is closely related to the straw man fallacy, which essentially paints one side, instead of both, as so extreme no can agree with it.

“You either support George Bush or you support the terrorists.”

“You’re either for me or you’re against me.”

What are examples of False Dichotomy

What is the definition of Faulty Analogy

Which logical fallacy is a comparison that suggests that two things are more alike than they really are.

What is the logical form of Faulty Analogy

X is like Y.

Y has property P.

Therefore, X has property P.

(but X is really not like Y very much)

Apples, strawberries and raspberries are all red. They are also all fruits. Therefore, all fruits are red.

What is an example of Faulty Analogy

What is the definition of Faulty Causality (AKA Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc)

Which fallacy is the assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the later event.

What is the logical form of Faulty Causality (AKA Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc)

Which fallacy follows this logical form:

A happened just before B, so A caused B.

Which logical fallacy are these examples of:

• A tennis player won two games in a row, and also happened to eat chicken the night before each game. From then on, he decides to always eat chicken before his games because it seems to cause him to win.

• A black cat crossed Bobita’s path yesterday, and sure enough, she was involved in an automobile accident later that afternoon.

What are examples of Faulty Causality (AKA Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc)

What is the definition of Hasty Generalization

Which fallacy draws a conclusion based on a small sample size, rather than looking at statistics that are much more in line with the typical or average situation.

What is the logical form of Hasty Generalization

Which fallacy follows this logical form:

Sample S is taken from population P.

Sample S is a very small part of population P.

Conclusion C is drawn from sample S and applied to population P.

Which fallacy is this an example of: My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived until age sixty-nine. Therefore, smoking really can’t be that bad for you.

What is an example of Hasty Generalization

What is the definition of Non Sequitur

Which logical fallacy is occuring when the conclusion does not follow from the premises. In more informal reasoning, it can be when what is presented as evidence or reason is irrelevant or adds very little support to the conclusion.

What is the logical form of Non Sequitur

Which fallacy follows this logical form:

Claim A is made.

Evidence is presented for claim A.

Therefore, claim C is true.

People generally like to walk on the beach. Beaches have sand. Therefore, having sand floors in homes would be a great idea!

What is an example of Non Sequitur

What is the definition of Red Herring

Which fallacy attempts to redirect the argument to another issue to which the person doing the redirecting can better respond. The red herring is a deliberate diversion of attention with the intention of trying to abandon the original argument.

What is the logical form of Red Herring

Which fallacy follows this logical form:

Argument A is presented by person 1.

Person 2 introduces argument B.

Argument A is abandoned.

Which fallacy is this an example of:

Mike: It is morally wrong to cheat on your spouse, why on earth would you have done that?

Ken: But what is morality exactly?

Mike: It’s a code of conduct shared by cultures.

Ken: But who creates this code?...

What is an example of Red Herring

What is the definition of Scare Tactic (Appeal to Fear)

Which fallacy is when fear, not based on evidence or reason, is being used as the primary motivator to get others to accept an idea, proposition, or conclusion.

What is the logical form of Scare Tactic (Appeal to Fear)

If you don’t accept X as true, something terrible will happen to you.

Therefore, X must be true.

Which logical fallacy is this an example of: If we don’t bail out the big automakers, the US economy will collapse. Therefore, we need to bail out the automakers.

What is an example of Scare Tactic (Appeal to Fear)

What is the definition of Slippery Slope?

Which fallacy is when a relatively insignificant first event is suggested to lead to a more significant event, which in turn leads to a more significant event, and so on, until some ultimate, significant event is reached, where the connection of each event is not only unwarranted but with each step it becomes more and more improbable. Many events are usually present in this fallacy, but only two are actually required -- usually connected by “the next thing you know...”

What is the logical form of Slippery Slope?

If A, then B, then C, ... then ultimately Z!

Which fallacy is this an example of: We cannot unlock our child from the closet because if we do, she will want to roam the house. If we let her roam the house, she will want to roam the neighborhood. If she roams the neighborhood, she will get picked up by a stranger in a van, who will sell her in a sex slavery ring in some other country. Therefore, we should keep her locked up in the closet.”

What is an example of Slippery Slope?

What is the definition of Straw Man?

Which fallacy substitutes a person’s actual position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the position of the argument.

What is the logical form of Straw Man?

Person 1 makes claim Y.

Person 2 restates person 1’s claim (in a distorted way).

Person 2 attacks the distorted version of the claim.

Therefore, claim Y is false.

Which fallacy is this an example of?

Ted: Biological evolution is both a theory and a fact.

Edwin: That is ridiculous! How can you possibly be absolutely certain that we evolved from pond scum!

Ted: Actually, that is a gross misrepresentation of my assertion. I never claimed we evolved from pond scum. Unlike math and logic, science is based on empirical evidence and, therefore, a scientific fact is something that is confirmed to such a degree that it would be perverse to withhold provisional consent. The empirical evidence for the fact that biological evolution does occur falls into this category.

What is an example of Straw Man?

What is a rhetorical device?

What term uses words in a certain way to convey meaning or to persuade. It can also be a technique to evoke an emotion on the part of the reader or audience.

What is the definition of Amplification?

Which rhetorical device repeats a word or expression for emphasis - Love, real love, takes time.

What is the definition of Anacoluthon?

Which rhetorical device is a disruption in the expected grammar or syntax of a sentence.

What is the definition of Antanagoge?

Which rhetorical device places a criticism and compliment together to lessen the impact - The car is not pretty but it runs great?

What is the definition of Antecedent?

Which rhetorical device is a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another

What is the definition of Antimetabole?

Which rhetorical device repeats words or phrases in reverse order - “ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country.” (J F Kennedy)

What is the definition of Antithesis?

Which rhetorical device makes a connection between two things - “That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” (Neil Armstrong)

What is the definition of Appositive?

Which rhetorical device places a noun or phrase next to another noun for descriptive purposes - Mary, queen of the land, hosted the ball.

What is the definition of Chiasmus?

Which rhetorical device has words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form; e.g. ‘Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds’.

What is the definition of Circumlocution?

Which rhetorical fallacy talks around a topic rather than directly addressing it; the use of many words where fewer would do?

What is the definition of Colloquialism?

Which rhetorical device uses a word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation (regional)

What is the definition of Conceit?

Which rhetorical device is an elaborate metaphor. Example: "the idea of the wind's singing is a prime romantic conceit"

What is the definition of Ellipsis?

Which rhetorical device is the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues?

What is the definition of Enumeratio?

Which rhetorical device makes a point with details - Renovation included a spa, tennis court, pool and lounge.

What is the definition of Epiphany?

Which rhetorical device is a sudden, intuitive perception of or insight into the reality or essential meaning of something,usually initiated by some simple, homely, or commonplace occurrence or experience

What is the definition of Epithet?

Which rhetorical device uses an adjective or adjective phrase to describe - mesmerizing eyes?

What is the definition of Epizeuxis?

Which rhetorical device repeats one word for emphasis - The amusement park was fun, fun, fun.

What is the definition of Eutrepismus?

Which rhetorical device separates speech into numbered parts, giving your reader or listener a clear line of thinking to follow.

What is the definition of Hyperbole?

Which rhetorical device is an exaggeration - I have done this a thousand times.

What is the definition of Inversion?

Which rhetorical device is also known as “anastrophe” - the normal order of words is reversed, in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis

What is the definition of Litotes?

Which rhetorical device makes an understatement by denying the opposite of a word that may have been used - The terms of the contract are not disagreeable to me.

What is the definition of Lyrical?

Which rhetorical device expresses the writer's emotions in an imaginative and beautiful way?

What is the definition of Metaphor?

Which rhetorical device compares two things by stating one is the other - The eyes are the windows of the soul.

What is the definition of Onomatopoeia?

Which rhetorical device includes words that imitate the sound they describe - plunk, whiz, pop?

What is the definition of Oxymoron?

Which rhetorical device is a two-word paradox - near miss, seriously funny?

What is the definition of Panegyric?

Which rhetorical device is a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something?

What is the definition of Parable?

Which rhetorical device Is a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson?

What is the definition of Parallelism?

Which rhetorical device uses words or phrases with a similar structure - I went to the store, parked the car and bought a pizza.

What is the definition of Proverb?

Which rhetorical device is a short pithy saying in general use, stating a general truth or piece of advice?

What is the definition of a Simile?

Which rhetorical device compares one object to another - He smokes like a chimney.

What is the definition of Synecdoche?

Which rhetorical device is a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in “Cleveland won by six runs” or “All hands on deck.”

What is the definition of Tmesis?

Which rhetorical device breaks up a word, phrase, or sentence with a second word, usually for emphasis and rhythm. “This is not Romeo, he’s some other where.”

What is the definition of Understatement?

Which rhetorical device makes an idea less important that it really is - The hurricane disrupted traffic.

What is the definition of Alliteration?

Which rhetorical analysis term is the recurrence of initial consonant sounds — Rubber baby buggy bumper

What is the definition of Allusion?

Which rhetorical analysis term is a reference to an event, literary work or person — I can’t do that because I am not Superman.

What is the definition of Analogy?

Which rhetorical analysis term explains something complex by comparing it to something more simple — "An amateur playing in a professional game is like a bunny stepping into a lion's den.

What is the definition of Argument?

Which rhetorical analysis term is the combination of reasons, evidence, etc that an author uses to convince an audience of their position?

What are the Aristotelian Appeals?

Which rhetorical analysis term are the three different methods of appealing to an audience to convince them—ethos, logos, and pathos

What is the definition of attitude?

Which rhetorical analysis term are the writer's personal views or feelings about the subject at hand?

What is the definition of Audience?

Which rhetorical analysis term is who the author is directing his or her message towards — When you create a resume, it’s your potential employers.

What is the definition of Compare and Contrast?

Which rhetorical analysis term discusses the similarities and differences between two things to some persuasive or illustrative purpose — "Hybrid cars have a much smaller carbon footprint than traditional midsize vehicles.”

What is the definition of Connotation?

Which rhetorical analysis term is the implied meaning of a word; words can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral connotations

conscientious = positive

fussy = negative

What is the definition of Context?

Which rhetorical device is the extra-textual environment in which the text is being delivered?

What is the definition of Counter-Argument?

Which rhetorical analysis term is the argument(s) against the author's position?

What is the definition of Deductive Reasoning?

Which rhetorical analysis term is a form of logical reasoning wherein a general principle is applied to a specific case — If all planets orbit a star, and Theta II is a planet, then it must orbit a star.

What is the definition of Denotation?

Which rhetorical analysis term is the literal, dictionary-definition meaning of a word

— "chair" is "a place to sit."

What is the definition of Diction?

What rhetorical analysis term is the style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation — You might say "What's up, loser?" to your little brother, but you would probably say "How are you doing today?" to your principal.

What is the definition of Ethos?

Which rhetorical analysis term Setting up a source as credible and trustworthy — "Given my PhD in the subject and years of experience in the field" is an appeal to ethos.

What is the definition of Evidence?

Which rhetorical analysis term is the information presented meant to persuade the audience of the author's position — If I were arguing that Anne is a good student, I might reference her straight-A report card and her 1500 SAT score

What is the definition of Figurative Language?

Which rhetorical analysis term is the use of language in a non-literal way; i.e. metaphor, simile, etc. — “The sky's like a jewel box tonight!"

What is the definition of Genre?

Which rhetorical analysis term is the specific type of work being presented — Broader categories include "novel" and "play," while more specific genres would be things like "personal essay" or "haiku.”

What is the definition of Imagery?

Which rhetorical analysis term is any descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language — "The water was a pearl-studded sea of azure tipped with turquoise."

What is the definition of Implication?

Which rhetorical analysis term is when something is suggested without being concretely stated

— "Watch your wallet around Paul," implies that Paul is a thief without coming out and saying "Paul is a thief."

What is the definition of Inductive Reasoning?

Which rhetorical analysis term makes a generalization based on specific evidence at hand

— All of the planets in this solar system orbit a star, so all planets probably orbit stars.

What is the definition of Irony?

Which rhetorical analysis term is at the most basic sense, saying the opposite of what you mean; also used to describe situations in which the results of an action are dramatically different than intended — "I do so hope there are more papers to sign," is something that might be said ironically.

What is the definition of Juxtaposition?

Which rhetorical analysis term places two very different things together for effect — "There they stood together, the beggars and the lords, the princesses and the washerwoman, all crowding into the square."