anatomy final test

function

Eliminates nitrogenous waste, especially byproducts of metabolism

Regulates (controls) 

The amount of water 

Blood volume 

pH

Electrolytes

Kidneys

Filter blood to remove waste, balance water and electrolytes, and regulate pH.

Ureters

Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder using smooth muscle contractions.

Urinary bladder

Stores urine until it is ready to be released.

urethra

Tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.

pathway for urine

Kidneys → Ureters → Urinary bladder → Urethra

functions of digestive

• Acquiring nutrients: Breaks down large food molecules into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body

• Absorbs nutrients 

•  Eliminates waste

function of mouth

Begins mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (salivary enzymes).

function of salivary glands

Produce saliva containing amylase, which starts starch digestion.

function of pharnyx

Passageway that moves food from mouth to esophagus.

function of esophagus

Uses peristalsis (muscle contractions) to push food to the stomach.

function of stomach

Performs mechanical churning and chemical digestion with acid and enzymes.

function of small intenstine

Completes digestion and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.

function of pancreas

Releases digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine.

function of liver

Produces bile to help digest fats.

function of gallbladder

Stores and releases bile into the small intestine.

function of large intestine

Absorbs water and forms solid waste (feces).

function of rectum

Stores feces before elimination.

function of anus

Opening through which waste leaves the body.

digestive food pathway

processes food through a coordinated 24- to 72-hour journey: ingestion, mechanical and chemical breakdown, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. Powered by involuntary muscle contractions called peristalsis, it transforms food into vital nutrients and expels leftover waste

function

• Helps protect the body from disease - Ex. antibodies

• Maintains fluid balance in blood

• Spleen – filters old blood cells from blood, stores extra blood

• Specific Responses:

• defend against one certain invader (pathogen) 

  • White blood cells recognize an invader

  • Create antibodies, proteins which bind to pathogens & mark them for destruction

White blood cells

Attack and destroy pathogens; coordinate immune responses.

Thymus

Matures T‑cells and teaches them to recognize what belongs in the body.

Spleen

Filters blood, removes old blood cells, and stores white blood cells.

Lymph nodes

Filter lymph and house immune cells that detect and attack pathogens.

Lymph vessels

Transport lymph fluid containing immune cells throughout the body.

function of endocrine

• Chemical communication & control

Hormones - chemicals that are released into the blood and signal cells to take action

• Actions include growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction 

Ovaries (females)

Produce estrogen and progesterone.

Testes (males)

Produce testosterone.

Pancreas

Releases insulin and glucagon.

Hypothalamus,

Sends releasing hormones that control the pituitary.

Pituitary

Known as the “master gland” because it controls other endocrine organs.

Pineal

Produces melatonin.

Thyroid

Controls metabolic rate, energy use, and growth.

Parathyroid

Produces PTH to raise blood calcium.

Thymus

Critical for immune system development in childhood.

Adrenal

Regulate stress response, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance.

Integumentary system function

• Serves as a barrier against infection, injury, temp, chemicals and UV radiation from the sun

• Helps to regulate body temperature (by sweating or expanding blood vessels)

• Keeps water and other substance in

• Removes waste (sweat)

• Sense organ

• Insulates and cushions 

Skin

Acts as a protective barrier; regulates temperature; prevents water loss; senses touch, pain, and temperature.

hair

Provides protection (e.g., eyelashes, scalp hair), reduces heat loss, and senses light touch.

nails

Protect the tips of fingers and toes; provide support for picking up and manipulating objects.

sweat glands

Produce sweat to cool the body through evaporation.

oil glands

Produce sebum (oil) that moisturizes skin and hair.

Cell

1st level of living things

Tissue – group of similar cells that perform a particular function

Organ

group of tissues that work together

Organ System

group of organs that work together to perform a function

Homeostasis

the self-regulating process by which a living organism maintains a stable, relatively constant internal environment despite changes in external conditions

function of nervous system

Maintains Homeostasis, Master control and communication system, Higher mental functions ( problem solving etc) and emotional response

what is Sensory input

takes in information from environment

what is Integration

decides what to do with info

what is Motor output

causes response

Function of Brain

Processes information, controls thoughts, emotions, memory, movement, and all voluntary/involuntary actions.

function of Spinal cord, 

Carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body; coordinates reflexes.

function of sensory Neurons ( nerve cells)

Carry information from sense organs → brain/spinal cord, Allow you to feel, see, hear, taste, and smell.

function of motor neurons

Carry signals from brain/spinal cord → muscles and glands, enable movement

function of Sensory Hypothalamus

Regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, sleep, and controls the pituitary gland.

function of skeletal system

Supports the body

Protects internal organs

Enables movement

Stores calcium

Makes blood cells

function of bones

Provide structure, protect organs, store minerals (calcium), and produce blood cells.

function of Cartilage

Smooth, flexible tissue that cushions joints and reduces friction.

function of Ligaments

Connect bone to bone at joints, Provide stability

function of Tendons

Connect muscle to bone.Allow movement by transmitting force from muscles to bones.

function of muscular system

Movement ( voluntary-involuntary)

Works with skeletal system to produce       voluntary movement

Helps circulate blood and move food through the digestive system

Maintain posture

Stabilizes joints

Generated heat

Skeletal muscle

attached to bones by tendons; voluntary

Smooth muscle

controls digestion, breathing, circulation; involuntary

Cardiac muscle

heart muscle; involuntary

Function of respiratory system

• Warms and filters air

• Gas exchange

• Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration

• Removes excess carbon dioxide from the bloodstream

function of nose

Filters, warms, and moistens incoming air.

function of pharnyx

Passageway for air from nose to larynx.

larnyx

Contains vocal cords and keeps airway open.

trachea

Main airway carrying air to the bronchi.

bronchi

Two large tubes that direct air into each lung.

bronchioles

Smaller branching tubes that carry air deeper into the lungs.

alveoli

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

lungs

Hold bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli; perform gas exchange.

diaphragm

Main breathing muscle that contracts to pull air into the lungs.

breathing process

Air travels through the upper and lower respiratory tracts, where oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body

function of male system

• Produces reproductive cells

• Males: produce and deliver gametes (sperm) to females

• produces hormone Testosterone and progesterone

• Secondary Sex Characteristics

functions of female system

Produces reproductive cells

Females: produce gametes (eggs), maintain an environment which can support a developing embryo

Produces hormones: estrogen and progesterone

Secondary sex characteristics

function of testes

Produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.

function of scrotum

Holds the testes outside the body and keeps them cooler for sperm production

function of Epididymis

Stores and matures sperm until they are ready for ejaculation.

function of vas deferens

Transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

function of urethra

Carries urine and semen out of the body through the penis.

function of penis

Delivers semen during reproduction and allows urine to leave the body

function of prostate gland

Adds fluid to semen that nourishes and protects sperm

function of Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands

Secrete a lubricating, alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidity in the urethra

function of seminal vesicles

produce fructose-rich fluid that provides energy for sperm and makes up most of semen

pathway of sperm

Testes → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Urethra → Penis

ovaries

Produce eggs (ova) and the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

fallopian tubes

Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus; fertilization usually occurs here.

uterus

Muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and a fetus develops.

cervix

Narrow opening between the uterus and vagina; allows passage of menstrual flow and dilates during childbirth.

vagina

Muscular canal that receives sperm, allows menstrual flow to exit, and serves as the birth canal.

pathway for females eggs

Ovary → Fallopian tube → Uterus → Cervix → Vagina. 1. egg growth 2. ovulation 3. gamete transport 4. fertilization

Function of circulatory system:

• Transport: Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells – CO2 and waste out

• Helps fight infection

• Regulates body temperature 

Heart

Made of muscle, pumps blood through body