Unit 5C AP pysch (5.5a-5.5d)

deinstitutionalization

the process, begun in the late twentieth century, of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities.

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology:

• drugs

• surgery(lobotomy, ECT, TMS)

• electric-shock

Eclectic Approach

Uses various forms of techniqued depend upon client’s unique problem

Psychoanalysis

1st formal psychotherapy to emerge by freud; aim is to bring repressed childhood memories into conscious awareness where the patients can deal with them:

• resistnace and transference

• free association

• childhood(past) memories primarily

• Interpersonal focus on current/present

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

Transference

Developing postive/negative feelings towards the therapist

psychodynamic therapists

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight.

insight therapies

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

Person-centered therapy

Form of humanistic therapy; engage in activit elistening

Active Listening

Echo, restate, and clarifies the patient’s thinking, acknowledges their expressed feelings

Unconditional Positve Regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Dorothea Dix

Pushed for more gentle, humane treatments and psychiatric hospitals

Behavior therapy

therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors.

Techniques:

• counter-conditioning

• exposure therapy

• systematic desensitization

• aversive conditioning

• behavior modification using operant condition

• token economy

Counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias.

Virtual Reality Exposure therapy

a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face specific fears, such as flying, spiders, or public speaking

Averse Conditioning

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats.

cognitive therapy

(Aaron Beck) therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions:

• REBT

• cognitive-behavioral therapy

• group/family/self-help therapy

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.

Group Therapy

conducted with groups, benefits therapist’s time and client’s money, offers a social laboratory, enables people to see that others share their problems, and provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving.

Family therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

Confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Therapeutic Alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

meta-analysis

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

antipsychotic drugs

treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders.

Examples:

• chlorpromazin/thorazine - remove postive symptoms

• isperidone (Risperdal)

• olanzapine (Zyprexa) similar to neurotransmitter dopamine 

• Clozapine(Chlorazil) - removes negative symptoms

tardive dyskinesia

a movement disorder related to the regulation of dopamine in the nervous system — which produces involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs

antianxiety drugs

used to control anxiety and agitation; depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and agitation but elevating levels of GABA

ex. Xanax and Ativan

antidepressant drugs

treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors — SSRIs.) ex. Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil

Lithium Carbonate(salt) yse to stabilize lvls of norephrine and glutmate neurotransmitters

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person(100 volts)

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation(TMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress in cortex while wide-awake(minimal side effects)

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

Hypnosis

hypnotists attempt to use suggestion to reduce unpleasant physical sensations or emotions.

Dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with other

Posthypnotic Suggestion

during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

Humanistic therapy

Carl Rogers; boost fulfillment by helping grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance:

• client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy

• active listening

• unconditional postive regard

Clinical Psychologists

have PHDs(mostly); experts in research, assessment, and therapy; verified through a supervised internship

Clinical/Psychiatric Social Worder

a Masters of Social work; postgrad supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly with everyday personal and family problems

Counselors

Pastoral/Abuse, work with problems arising from family relations, spouse and child abuse and the victims and substance abuse

Psychiatrists

physicians who specialize in treatment of psychological disorders(not all have extensive training); as MDs can prescribe medications

Seasonal Affective Disorder(SAD)

a form of depression; has. been effectively treat by light exposure therapy(best with bright light from morning)