Chapter 1: The Science of Anatomy Flashcards

This set of flashcards covers vocabulary and key concepts from Chapter 1: The Science of Anatomy, including levels of organization, the 11 organ systems, anatomical terminology, body planes, cavities, membranes, and medical imaging.

What is anatomy?

study of the structure or form of body parts and their relationship to one another

What is physiology?

The study of the function of body parts and how they work to perform life-sustaining activities.

what is the Principle of Complementarity?

The concept that function always reflects what a structure can do based on its specific form

what is Cytology?

A division of microscopic anatomy focused on the study of cells.

what is Histology?

A division of microscopic anatomy focused on the study of tissues.

what is Gross Anatomy

The study of body structures that are visible with the naked eye.

what is Systemic Anatomy

A division of gross anatomy that focuses on organ systems.

what is Regional Anatomy

A division of gross anatomy that focuses on specific body regions.

what is Surface Anatomy

A division of gross anatomy focused on superficial structures to see inside patients

what is Embryology

A division of anatomy focused on embryo development.

what is Pathologic Anatomy

A division of anatomy that relates to how structures change related to disease

what is Radiographic Anatomy

Anatomy as visualized by different scanning techniques.

what is Chemical Level

The smallest level of structural organization, consisting of atoms, molecules, and organelles.

what is Cellular Level

The level comprising single cells, which are the smallest living structures and basic units of structure and function.

what is the Tissue Level

The level of organization consisting of groups of similar cells that work together

what is the Organ Level

The level of organization consisting of two or more types of tissues.

what is the Organ System Level

The level where organs work closely together to achieve a common function.

what is the Organismal Level

The highest level of structural organization where all organ systems function interdependently as a whole organism.

what is cellular organization

all living things are made of cells

what is reproduction

all living things come from other living things

what is Metabolism

The sum of all cellular chemical reactions, including catabolism and anabolism.

what is Homeostasis

The regulation of a stable internal environment within the body.

what is heredity

genetic information that is passed from one generation to another

what is the response to stimuli

response to an external or internal force

what is the Integumentary System

provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, and prevents water loss.

what is the Skeletal System

provides support & protection, the site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium & phosphorus, and provides sites for muscle attachments

what is the Muscular System

produces body movement and generates heat when muscles contract.

what is the Nervous System

the regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, helps control all other body systems, and is responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory.

what is the Endocrine System

consists of glands & cell clusters that secrete hormones to regulate body & cellular growth, chemical levels, and reproductive functions.

what is the Cardiovascular System

Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases while picking up waste products.

what is the Lymphatic System

Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid) and initiates immune responses.

what is the Respiratory System

The system responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and the air in the lungs.

what is the Digestive System

Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.

what is the Urinary System

Filters blood to remove and concentrate waste products in the form of urine and expels them from the body.

what is the Standard Anatomical Position?

A common reference position where the body is upright, feet parallel and flat, limbs at sides, palms facing anteriorly, and head level with eyes forward.

Superior vs. Inferior

Superior refers to being above or the top portion; Inferior refers to being below or the bottom portion.

Anterior vs. Posterior

Anterior refers to being nearer to or at the front; Posterior refers to being nearer to or at the back.

Medial vs. Lateral

Medial refers to being closer to the midline; Lateral refers to being away from the midline.

Proximal vs. Distal

Proximal is closer to the attachment site; Distal is farther from the attachment site.

Dorsal vs. Ventral

Dorsal refers to the back side of the body; Ventral refers to the belly side of the body.

Superficial vs. Deep

Superficial is toward the surface (external); Deep is away from the surface (internal).

Cranial vs. Caudal

Cranial is toward the head; Caudal is toward the feet or tail.

Axial Division

The major body division encompassing the head, neck, and trunk. (center axis of body)

Appendicular Division

The major body division encompassing the limbs (legs and arms).

what are body planes

cutting the body into sections

what is the Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into left and right sides.

what is the Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

what is the Transverse Plane

A plane, also called a cross-section or horizontal plane, that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

what is the oblique plane

when the body is cut at an angle

what is the Cranial Cavity

A posterior body cavity that houses the brain.

what is the Vertebral Cavity

A posterior body cavity that houses the spinal cord.

what is the Thoracic Cavity

An anterior body cavity containing the pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity, separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.

what is the pleural cavities

two cavities that each surround one lung

what is the Mediastinum

A subdivision of the thoracic cavity that contains the pericardial cavity and other organs like the esophagus and trachea.

what is the pericardial cavity

encloses the heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity

An anterior body cavity consisting of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

what is the abdominal cavity

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver

what is the pelvic cavity

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectu,

Mucous Membranes

lines areas open to the outside environment, such as the respiratory and digestive tracts. (anal, mouth, genital)

Serous Membranes

Two-layered membranes (parietal and visceral) with fluid in between that line the inside walls and cover organs in ventral cavities.

Parietal Layer

The layer of a serous membrane lining the inside wall of a ventral cavity.

Visceral Layer

The layer of a serous membrane covering the organs within the ventral cavity.

Pleurae

The serous membranes that protects the lungs

Pericardium

The serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Peritoneum

The serous membrane associated with the abdominopelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Divisions into $4$ quarters: Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).

Abdominopelvic Regions

A division into $9$ regions resembling a tic-tac-toe grid used primarily by anatomists.

Radiography

imaging procedure where X-rays pass through the body and are absorbed by dense areas like bone, which appear lighter on film.

Ultrasound

imaging procedure using high-frequency waves reflecting off internal structures via a transducer.

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

A $3$-D X-ray technique used to view blood vessels.

Commuted Tomography (CT)

Low-intensity X-rays passed through the body from many angles to reconstruct a $3$-dimensional image via computer.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Uses an electromagnet to affect hydrogen atoms, analyzing energy release rates to produce an image.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Uses radiolabeled glucose to analyze the metabolic state of a tissue or organ.

what quadrant is this

right upper quadrant

what quadrant is this

right lower quadrant

what quadrant is this

left upper quadrant

what quadrant is this

left lower quadrant

which region is this

right hypochondriac region

which region is this

epigastric region

which region is this

left hypochondriac region

which region is this

right lumbar region

which region is this

umbilical region

which region is this

left lumbar region

which region is this

right iliac region

which region is this

hypogastric region

which region is this

left iliac region