AP World History Unit 4 Review

Vasco de Gama

rounded the Cape of Good Hope and explored east African kingdoms and went all the way to India to establish trade relations

Bartholomew Dias

rounded the tip of Africa first one to do so

Christopher Columbus

supported by Isabella and Ferdinand, convinced there was a shorter route to Asia from the west. landed in the West Indies and explorations of Americas underway

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.

Vasco de Balboa

crossed the Isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan

sailed around tip of South America to Pacific Ocean of Portugal, died in Philippines, but his crew became the first to circumnavigate the globe

Giovanni de Verrazone

explored North America for France

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

John Cabot

explored coast of North America for England

Henry Hudson

sailed for Dutch looking for northwest passage to Asia, explored Hudson River

Sternpost Rudder

invented by Chinese (Han) allowed for better navigation and control of ships of increasing size

Lateen Sails

allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of the winds, advantage for ships who were depended on winds (Indian Ocean: monsoon)

Astrolabe

portable navigation device to help them find their way, measuring distance of the sun and stars = latitude

Magnetic Compass

allowed sailors to determine directions

Three-Masted Caravels

large ships employed significantly larger sails and could hold provisions for longer journeys

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Montezuma

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Mulattos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

Native Americans/Slaves

In colonial Latin America, lowest social class. They had no rights and were often treated poorly and used as a labor source by the plantation owning Creoles.

viceroys

Royal governors in the New World sent by Spain to rule in the King's name.

Encomienda System

like feudal system, provided peninsulares with land and specified number of laborers, in return peninsulares expected to protect natives and convert to Christianity, missionaries called for better treatment,

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Key Products of Columbian Exchange

Sugar and Silver ( most wanted by Spanish and Portuguese)

Age of Exploration

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

Joint Stock Company

organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, distributing cots and risks of colonization and reducing dangers of individual investors (VOC)

mercantilism

a country actively sought to trade but tired not to import more than it exports, create a favorable balance of trade, caused resentment because colonists were forces to pay taxes on products from Europe

King Ferdinand and Isabeela

from Christian Kingdom and Muslim side. under one house =nation-state most powerful forces, long term impact on cultural world developments ensured survival of spanish language and culture, built naval fleet,

Portugal

small country with limited manpower, middleman of a floating empire, early player in transatlantic slave trade, controlled sea routs, and garrisoned trading posts

Hapsburg

family originated in Austria

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

War of Spanish Succession

disaster for grand plans of France, intermarriages led to one of Louis XIV grandson to inherit Spanish Throne, weaken spain and strengthen france,

Spanish Armada

the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588, to convert Queen back to Catholic, didn't work

Glorious Revolution

James II driven from power by Parliament because they feared he'd convert everyone back to Catholic, replaced by William and Mary (son in law & daughter), ensured future rulers would be Anglicans and limited power of the Monarchy. A bloodless Revolution.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Spanish Inquisition

an organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected of secretly practicing their old religion. An attempt to rid Spain of any religion NOT Roman Catholic.

Pugachev Rebellion

During 1770's in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Maroon Wars

Conflicts between the Jamaica Maroon settlements and the British after the British gained control of the island from the Spanish.

Queen Nanny of Jamaica

led a community of formerly enslaved Africans called the Windward Maroons. In the early 18th century, they fought a multi-year war against British colonizers in Jamaica.

King Phillip's War (1675-1676)

Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades. Ultimately Natives were defeated

Fronde Rebellion in France

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation.

Queen Nzinga of Ndongo

reigned 1623-1663; led resistance against Portuguese, led troops in battle, dressed as male, allied w/ Dutch mariners, successfully controlled Portuguese expansion; when she died, less resistance → Angola=first European colony

trading post empire

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples. 16th Century. Built initially by the Portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.

Pitosi

largest New World silver mine

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

pieces of eight

Spanish coins minted from silver from the new world; became the first global currency

African Diaspora

The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

Cash Crop

a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (examples are sugar, cotton or tobacco)

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Chattel Slavery

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.

Santeria

Originating in Cuba, a syncretic religion that blends African traditions and Christian beliefs

Vodun (voodoo)

a polytheistic Syncretic religion practiced chiefly by West Indians, deriving principally from African cult worship and containing elements borrowed from the Catholic religion

Virgin of Guadalupe

An apparition of the Virgin Mary said to have appeared to a Mexican farmer (Juan Diego) in 1531. She exerted a powerful attraction to Mesoamerica's surviving Amerindians and became an icon of Mexican identity

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Price Revolution

the period in European history during the 1500s when inflation rose rapidly due to the abundance of New World Gold and Silver

Gloucester County Rebellion

The first recorder slave rebellion in the Americas; Virginia in 1663 enslaved Africans and European indentured servants conspired together to demand freedom from the governor

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

English East India Company (EIC)

an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.

Mita System

economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced - Later turned into slavery by the Spanish

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Casta system

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies