AP EURO UNIT 4 ULTIMATE REVIEW

prior to scientific revolution

• prior to scientific revolution much of the accepted knowledge about the natural world came from Aristotle

• he taught that the earth was at the center of the universe and that the planets orbited the earth (Catholics agreed as it supported genesis 1)

• for about 2,000 years that was how Europeans understood the world

causes of scientific revolution

1) universities

• by the 14/15 century European universities established new departments of math and astronomy so these disciplines took their place alongside natural philosophy thus the stage was set for new ways of thinking about the world

2) Renaissance

• wealthy patronized studies into natural world

3) printing press

• the printing press made it possible to circulate new findings about the natural world with great speed to a wide readership

Nicolaus Copernicus

• Aristotle and pltomey believed the earth was in the center of the universe —> geocentric

• Nicolaus Copernicus said let’s not rely on accepted teachings and instead rely on math

• through his work he challenged the geocentric view of the universe and instead put forth the heliocentric model which said the sun was at the center and earth revolves around it

• by 1640 the heliocentric model of the universe was widely accepted by the scientific community along with contributions of Kepler and Galileo

Johannes Kepler

created 3 laws of planetary motion

Galileo

took works of Copernicus and Kepler and built the telescope and was able to observe craters of the moon, phases of Venus, jupiter’s moon etc

Issac Newton

combined physics of Galileo with mathematical work of Kepler and Copernicus to produce the laws of universal gravitation

Revolution in anatomy

• old Greek understandings of the body were being overturned in favor of newer, more accurate understandings

• it was Galen’s whose theories about the human body dominated this field

• argued for the humeral theory which said the body was composed of 4 kinds of substances, blood, yellow bile, black bile and flegment

Paracelsus

rejected the humeral theory and argued it was chemical imbalances that cause disease and chemical remedies could solve those imbalances

Andreas Vesalius

revolutionized the study of human body by dissecting dead bodies and correcting 200 errors in Galenic anatomy

William Harvey

Galen taught there were 2 different systems of blood contained in the body and they did not interact. But Harvey discovered that the circulatory system was one integrated whole

Francis Bacon

empiricism; pursuit of knowledge through inductive reasoning (observation)

Rene decartes

deductive reasoning; until you can run into something undoubtable, then you can build up your reasoning (generalizing)

Continuities

despite new scientific method and discoveries some still held onto belief of alchemy and astrology

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement in the 18th century that applied new methods of rational thinking and the scientific method to social and human institutions

Emphases of enlightenment

1)methods of science pioneered by Kepler, Newton Galileo and others could be used to improve society (rationalism)

2) everything in human life could and should be submitted to the process of reason

3) scientific method could be used to discover laws of society

Baron De Montesquieu

• member of noble class

• not a fan of growth of absolutism under Louis XIV

• wrote the spirit of the laws which argued that separating power into 3 branches of government so that each branch can check the other was the only way to avoid tyranny and encourage equality

Volatire

• criticized the social and religious institutions of France

• saw the religious tolerance of England compared to the uniformity of France and viewed it as oppression

• believed absolutism needed to be tempered down by enlightenment thought

Diderot

• responsible for cataloging the new enlightenment worldview in the encyclopedia

• 72,000 articles on all realms of human life

Hubs

salon: private meetings in opulent houses where ideas were discussed and debated

coffeehouses: people could gather, buy coffee and discuss the new ideas of the day

John Locke

natural rights: people just by virtue of being born human are endowed with life, liberty, and property by their creator

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

social contract: people willingly give up some of their natural rights to a government to secure and protect them. obligated to overthrow government when it becomes tyrannical

• believed men and women weren’t equal

Adam Smith

• in his book wealth of nations; Smith attacked mercantilism policies of European nations

• said people should make the economic decisions based on the laws of supply and demand

• laissez-fair

• physiocrats agreed

Deism

god did exist but uninvolved in human affairs

Skepticism

• all human knowledge and ideas are gained through our 6 senses

• so since God or the creation of the universe cannot be interpreted through the senses, they’re not legitimate articles of knowledge

Art

• Shifted emphases from the celebration of religious themes and royal power to an emphasis on the private life and the public good

• in the 18th century, the nature and subject matter of art shifted from state and religious themes to themes that appealed to bourgeois family

• ex: Rembrandt

• then came neoclassicism which prized simplicity and symmetry

• ex: patheon

Enlightened absolutism

describes 18th century monarchs who wanted to retain absolute power but also aimed to shape and temper the exercise of that power by enlightenment ideals

Frederick the great

• inherited a powerful army from his father’s reign

• so he seized the Habsburg territory of Silesia in the war of Spanish succession which doubled Prussia’s population and increased it’s power —> 7 years war

• the great struggle Frederick endured during the 7 years war led him to consider a new kind of rule tempered by more humane policies informed by enlightenment thought

• Fredericks enlightenment thought

• 1) religious toleration —> all religions

• 2) legal reforms —> abolished torture

• 3) bureaucratic reform —> servant of the people

Catherine the great

1) continue to westernize Russia —> patronized philosopher (Voltaire and Diderot), imported western architects/artists

2) legal reforms —> limited religious toleration, abolished torture

3) territorial expansion —> partition of Poland

• limit to her enlightened absolutism was the Pugachev rebellion in which she increased oppression of serfs

Jospeh II of Austria

1) signed edict of toleration —> religious freedom for all

2) increased freedom of press

3) put restrictions on the power of the Catholic Church