cjc3110 exam 1

March of Progress Model

Historical interpretation viewing history as continuous improvement and advancement toward better conditions

Economic Model

Historical interpretation explaining changes through economic factors and material conditions

Social Context Model

Historical interpretation examining history through social conditions, cultural factors, nature of society, ideology, and response to crime

Net Widening

Expansion of social control systems beyond their original scope, bringing more people under formal control

Goal Displacement

When organizations shift from their original goals to focus on self-preservation, survival, maintenance, and expansion

Grim Determinism

Colonial belief that fate is predetermined by divine will

Crime as Sin

Colonial ideology viewing criminal behavior as moral failing against God requiring punishment

Public Punishment

Colonial practice of conducting punishments in view of community members to shame offenders and deter others

Corporal Punishment

Physical punishment of the body, including whipping, branding, and other bodily harm

Shaming

Colonial punishment involving public humiliation through stocks, pillory, or other devices

Banishment

Colonial punishment involving exile from the community, often reserved for outsiders

Enlightenment

Philosophical movement emphasizing reason, rational thought, and individual rights

Principle of Utility

Idea that actions should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Free Will

Belief that individuals have the ability to choose their actions and are responsible for their choices

Deterrence

Punishment philosophy stating that punishment prevents future crime by making potential offenders fear consequences

Penal Codes

Written laws replacing arbitrary punishment with standardized legal penalties

Crime as Moral Disease

Jacksonian ideology viewing criminal behavior as a curable illness caused by moral corruption

Urban Disenchantment

Belief that cities are corrupting influences that breed crime and immorality

Social Disorganization

Breakdown of traditional social controls and community bonds in urban areas

Penitentiary

Institution designed to reform criminals through isolation, reflection, and moral instruction

Social Organization

Structured environment in penitentiary designed to provide order and promote reformation

Spiritual Coat of Armor

Religious instruction intended to protect reformed criminals from future temptation

Recidivism

Return to criminal behavior after punishment or treatment; repeat offending

Progressivism

Social movement believing in ability to improve society through scientific methods and reform

Positivist Criminology

Scientific study of criminal behavior seeking to identify causes and develop treatments

Individualized Treatment

Tailoring punishment and rehabilitation to specific needs of each offender

Social Casework Method

Professional assessment and treatment approach using scientific methods

Reformatory

Institution for young, first-time offenders focusing on education and vocational training

Indeterminate Sentencing

Flexible sentences allowing release based on rehabilitation progress rather than fixed time

Parole

Supervised early release from prison with conditions that must be followed

Probation

Community supervision as alternative to incarceration with required conditions

Graded System

Progressive levels of privileges in reformatory based on good behavior and progress

Common Law Principle of Responsibility

Legal doctrine setting age limits for criminal responsibility in children

Child-Saving Movement

Progressive reform movement led by middle-class women to protect children and create separate juvenile system

Parens Patriae

Legal doctrine making the state guardian/parent of children in need of supervision or protection

Delinquent

Youth who has violated criminal law

Dependent

Youth lacking proper care or guardianship

Neglected

Youth suffering from inadequate care or supervision

Status Offenders

Youth engaging in behaviors illegal only for minors (truancy, running away, incorrigibility)

Routinized Control

Assembly-line processing of juvenile cases due to overwhelming caseloads

Out-of-Home Placements

Removal of children from families to institutions or foster care

Practice

Gap between stated goals of criminal justice reforms and their actual implementation and results

Environmental Determinism

Belief that social and physical environment shapes individual behavior including criminal conduct

Due Process

Legal protections ensuring fair treatment in criminal justice proceedings

Moral Reformation

Goal of transforming criminals into law-abiding citizens through moral and religious instruction

Community-Based Corrections

Alternatives to incarceration that allow offenders to remain in community under supervision

Bureaucracy

Formal organization characterized by hierarchy, rules, and focus on survival, maintenance, and expansion

Ideology

Set of beliefs and values that shape how society views crime and appropriate responses

Nature of Society

Social, economic, and demographic characteristics that influence criminal justice approaches

Homogeneous Population

Population sharing similar characteristics, values, and backgrounds (as in Colonial America)

Heterogeneous Population

Diverse population with different backgrounds, values, and characteristics (as in urban industrial America)

Urbanization

Process of population movement from rural to urban areas

Industrialization

Development of industry and factory-based economy

Immigration

Movement of people from other countries to settle permanently

Westward Expansion

Geographic growth of United States territory and population movement west

Social Mobility

Ability to move between social classes

Labor Unrest

Conflicts between workers and employers over working conditions and wages

Vocational Training

Education focused on specific job skills and trades

Academic Training

General education in reading, writing, mathematics, and other subjects

Certainty over Severity

Principle that swift, certain punishment is more effective than harsh punishment

Rational Calculation

Assumption that people weigh costs and benefits before acting