WWII Build Up and Conflict

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist leader involved in the Pullman Strike and Socialist Party-1912

Pullman Strike

1894 labor strike led by railway workers against the Pullman Company

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States known for Progressive reforms and involvement in WWI

Federal Reserve

Established in 1914 to regulate the US monetary system

Underwood Tariff

1913 legislation that significantly reduced tariff rates and introduced income tax

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law enhancing the Sherman Antitrust Act to control monopolies

Women's Suffrage Movement

Campaign for women's right to vote, culminating in the 19th Amendment

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 for civil rights

16th Amendment

1913 amendment allowing Congress to levy income taxes

17th Amendment

1913 amendment enabling direct election of US Senators

18th Amendment

Prohibition amendment banning alcohol in 1919

Militarism

Policy of glorifying military power and maintaining a strong military

Alliance System

European nations divided into competing alliances before WWI

Imperialism

European competition for colonies and resources, a cause of WWI

Nationalism

Extreme patriotism leading to conflict, a factor in WWI

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Austrian heir whose assassination triggered WWI

Trench Warfare

Stalemate warfare in trenches, a feature of WWI

Lusitania

British ship sunk by Germany in 1915, contributing to US entry into WWI

Zimmerman Note

German message proposing an alliance with Mexico against the US in WWI

Russian Revolution

1917 revolution leading to Communist rule in Russia

Bernard Baruch

Involved in US war mobilization, setting prices and rationing products

Herbert Hoover

Headed the US Food Administration during WWI

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Laws restricting speech against the US government during WWI

Selective Service Act

1917 act implementing a draft for WWI

African Americans in WWI

Blacks served in segregated units during WWI, like the Harlem Hellfighters

American Expeditionary Force

US military force sent to Europe during WWI, led by General Pershing

Pall Mall, TN

Location where the most celebrated hero of the war hailed from

Chateau-Thierry

Site marking a turning point in WWI where American troops halted German advance

Belleau Wood

Location where the Marine Corps earned the nickname 'Devil Dogs' in WWI

Armistice Day

November 11, 1918, when WWI fighting ceased, later renamed Veterans Day

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan to prevent future wars, including self-determination and League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles

1919 treaty penalizing Germany, leading to economic instability and setting stage for WWII

Big Four

Leaders at Treaty of Versailles: Wilson, Clemenceau, George, Orlando

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for job opportunities

Spanish Influenza

Deadly pandemic post-WWI, claiming more lives than the war itself

First Red Scare

Post-WWI anti-communist hysteria leading to raids and labor unrest

Demobilization

Return of soldiers post-WWI causing economic instability and job competition

Roaring 20s

Era following WWI marked by economic growth, cultural shifts, and prohibition

Return to 'Normalcy'

Warren G. Harding's campaign slogan advocating a return to pre-WWI conditions

Isolationism

Policy of avoiding involvement in foreign affairs, prevalent in the 1920s

Golden Age of Sports

Era when sports figures gained popularity through radio broadcasts

Model T

Henry Ford's affordable car mass-produced through assembly line

Installment Plan

Buying on credit with 'Buy Now, Pay Later' schemes, leading to debt

Flapper Culture

1920s trend of liberated women engaging in partying and unconventional behavior

Lost Generation

Post-WWI disillusioned writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway

Harlem Renaissance

Revival of black culture in NYC post-WWI, influencing music, literature, and art

Prohibition

Era banning alcohol sales, leading to organized crime and speakeasies

Bootlegging

Illegal transportation of alcohol during Prohibition

Speakeasies

Underground bars where alcohol was served during Prohibition

Al Capone

Infamous gangster during Prohibition, known for violence and tax evasion

Nativism

Prejudice against new immigrants by old immigrants

Immigration Surge

600% increase in immigration during a specific period

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

Italian immigrants accused of murder with biased trial

National Origins Act

Imposed immigration quotas based on nationality

KKK Resurgence

Revival of the Ku Klux Klan in the 20th century

The Birth of a Nation

Film that contributed to the resurgence of the KKK

Scopes Monkey Trial

Legal case over teaching evolution in schools

Butler Act

1925 law prohibiting teaching evolution in schools

ACLU

Organization defending civil liberties, including in the Scopes Trial

Clarence Darrow

Prominent defense lawyer in the Scopes Trial

William Jennings Bryan

Volunteer prosecutor in the Scopes Trial

Canon City, Colorado

Location of an amusement park visited by Sacco and Vanzetti

Warren G.

Incomplete term, needs more context for definition

Harding

29th President known for 'Normalcy' and the Ohio Gang

Ohio Gang

Harding's friends involved in White House scandals

Teapot Dome Scandal

Albert Fall's bribery scandal involving oil reserves

Calvin Coolidge

30th President advocating 'The business of America is its BUSINESS'

Election of 1924

Coolidge's reelection with the slogan 'Keep Cool with Coolidge'

The Great Depression

Economic crisis with causes like overproduction and stock market crash

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, stock market crash leading to economic turmoil

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns during the Great Depression named after President Hoover

Dust Bowl

Severe drought in the Midwest causing soil erosion and migration

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd President implementing the New Deal during the Great Depression

Bank Holiday

Temporary closure of banks to stabilize the financial system

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ensuring bank deposits

Repeal of Prohibition

21st Amendment in 1933 allowing the taxation of alcohol

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Providing hydroelectric power and economic development in the South

Keynesian Economics

Deficit spending to stimulate demand and boost the economy

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Act subsidizing farmers and regulating production

NRA

National Recovery Administration promoting fair labor practices

SEC

Securities and Exchange Commission regulating the stock market

Civilian Conservation Corps

Provided work opportunities and trade education to young men

Fair Labor Standards Act

Established 40-hour work week and minimum wage

Wagner Act (NLRA)

Protects workers' rights to unionize

Father Charles Coughlin

Catholic priest with a national following, critical of FDR

Dr. Francis Townsend

Advocated for a national 2% sales tax and monthly payments to seniors

Social Security Administration

Administers automatic payroll deductions for retiree benefits

Huey Long

Advocated for wealth redistribution, assassinated while running for president

WPA

Largest relief effort creating infrastructure and investing in art

Supreme Court

Branch of government that challenged FDR's New Deal policies

Court Packing Plan

FDR's proposal to add justices to the Supreme Court

African Americans & the New Deal

Received limited support during the Great Depression

Indian Reorganization Act

Repealed Dawes Act, granting Native Americans self-governance

Legacy of the New Deal

Includes Social Security, Alphabet Agencies, and government growth

Washington Conferences of 1921

Effort to prevent future wars through naval power limitations

Fascism

Totalitarian ideology with state control and nationalism

Totalitarianism

Government control over citizens' lives

Il Duce- Benito Mussolini

Italian fascist leader aiming to rebuild the Roman Empire

Der Fuhrer- Adolf Hitler

German Nazi leader with expansionist and anti-Semitic policies

Emperor Hirohito

Japanese leader seen as a god by his people