Define anatomic position

head forward, arms supinated, legs togther

Define the three main planes of the section used in anatomic study (i.e.sagittal, transverse, coronal)

Sagittal- divides body into left and right halves

transverse - divides body into upper and lower parts

coronal- divides body into front and back

Define directional terms for position, laterality and relationship to midline of the body (1 question)

lateral/medial

distal/proximal

etc.

Define Anatomic Position

Facing forward in the upright position

• Elbows in extension

• Forearms supinated, palms forward

• Knees in extension

• Feet flat

What is Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar. Give examples of where these can be found in the body.

Squamous - “scale like” S. corneum

Cuboidal - “cube like” Kidney epithelia

Columnar- “column like” Trachea epithelia

Tight Junctions

Keeps leakage from happening

Adherens Structures

Bind cells cytoskeletan together like a belt

Desmomsomes (anchoring Junctions)

Fastens cells together into strong sheets to distribute tension

Gap junctions

found in the myocardium, help cells to quickly depolerize each other

endothelium vs mesothelium

endo lines inside of blood/lymph vessels and heart

meso lines inside of body cavities to protect/give lubrication

Describe grandular epithelium

a specialized tissue responsible for synthesizing and secreting substances like hormones, enzymes, sweat, and mucus. It forms the functional units of all glands in the body and is structurally divided into two main categories: exocrine and endocrine.

types of secretions from glands

serous, mucous, sebaceous, hormonal

3 Exocrine types

Holocrine- entire cell ruptures/dies as it releases product (sebaceous glands)

Merocrine (most common)- release product via exocytosis

Apocrine- part of the cell membrane is torn off of along with the product (mammary glands)

unicellular vs multicell glands

unicell - goblet cell; multicell - adrenal gland

Function of Connective Tissue

1. Protection

2. support

3. binds tissues together

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose connective tissue – larger number of cells, loose arrangement of fibers

• Ex. Lymph nodes (glands)

Dense irregular connective tissue

dense network of collagen (and some elastin) fibers

• Ex. Muscle fascia, dermis of skin

Dense regular connective tissue

densely packed fibers arranged in parallel

• Ex. Ligaments and tendons

Ground Substance

Transparent gelatinous material that fills in the spaces

between fibers and cells

• Components include water, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

and proteoglycans

• Resists compressive forces, absorbs water

Fibers of the extracellular matrix

Collagen – most abundant, Secreted by fibroblasts, Important in resisting tensile force

Reticular fibers – fine collagen fibrils

Elastin – assembled into fibers or sheets, Allows for elasticity and recoil after stretch, Mixes with collagen in the tissue prevents overstretching.

Alt. Names to Hypodermis

Subcutaneous tissue or Superficial fascia

What % does skin make up in total body mass?

15-20% (largest organ)

Major layers to skin

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

Which layer varies in thickness throughout the body?

Epidermis, specifically the presence of Stratum lucidum marks where the epidermis is thickest (hands and feet). 400-600 micrometers thick. Lacks hair follicles and glands

Thin skin

No stratum Lucidum in the epidermis. presence of hair follicles and glands. more common.

Layers of Epidermis

1. S. corneum

2. S. lucidum (if present)

3. S. granulosum

4. S. spinosum

5. S. basale

Most superficial layer cells are nucleated

S. granulosum

First layer with metabolic active cells

S. Spinosum

Which layer contains melanocytes?

S. basale

which cell type makes up most of the epidermis?

Keratinocytes - water proof the skin

In what layer are Langerhans cells

S. spinosum

these cells are just dendritic cells

In which layer are Merkel Cells located

S. basale

These cells help with propioception/touch sensation

Describe Psoriasis

A common skin disorder resulting from a decrease

in the regeneration time of keratinocytes, an

increase in the number of mitotic cells in the

stratum basale and stratum spinosum, which

results in the thickening of the skin and the

appearance of patchy superficial lesions.

Vitiligo

Local destruction of Melanocytes

Albinism

Melanocytes can’t produce melanin due to lack of tyrosinase activity.

Layers of Dermis

1. Papillary

2. Reticular

Describe Papillary layer of the Dermis

• uneven, thin

• Dermal papillae project up into the epidermis

• Loosely arranges collegen types 1 & 3

• Contain Meissner’s corpuscles (fine touch)

In what layer are Meissner’s corpuscles found?

Dermal Papillary layer

Describe the reticullar layer of the dermis

• Thickest, major portion of the dermis

• Dense bundles of collagen type I and thick elastic

fibers

• Contains epithelial derived hair follicles and nails

• May contain Pacinian corpuscles and

thermoreceptors

In what layer are Pancinian corpuscles found?

Reticular layer of the Dermis - highest in density in fingertips

Raffini’s Corpuscles location

hypodermis and reticular dermis

Why are hands and face more sensative?

1. more nerve endings there

2. region of somatosensory cortex is larger

Name the three types of skin cancer

1. Basal carcinoma

2. Squamous cell carcinoma

3. Melanoma

Aquamous Carcinoma

Develops from S. squamous of epidermis

grows fast and appears as a gross looking scab

Basale Carcinoma

Most common skin cancer.

develops in the S Basale of the epidermis

appears as “pearly” and grows slowly

Melanoma

Dark colored

most dangerous due to its proximity to blood vesels

begins in melanocytes

Describe cleavage of mammals

takes place @ 2-16 cells (morula)

described as “Holoblastic” assymetrical and slow

Where does Fertilization occur

The ampulla of the fallopian tube

Primitive streak formation

Occurs at days 14-15 post fertilization. Forms two layers of cells:

1. Epiblast

2. Hypoblast

What is Gastrulation?

the process of creating the three main layers:

1. Ectoderm (skin, hair, nervous)

2. Mesoderm (muscles/bones)

3. Endoderm (gut)

Neuralation

The beginning of the CNS formation starting in the ectoderm layer at the neural plate

4 Embryonic membranes

1. Amnion- Protection/cushion

2. Chorion - diffusions of maternal-fetal blood

3. Placenta - nourishment, hormones

4. Yolk Sac and Allantois - garbage

Neural Induction

Takes place at the neural plate in the ectoderm as neural inducer signals create the cells there to begin to differentiate into nervous tissue.

Eventually they create neural folds which meet and create the ventricles of the brain.

Cervical Vertebrae

C1-C7

Thoracic V.

12 vertebrea

Lumbar/sacral vertebrae

L- 5

S- 5 (fused)

Number of Coccogeal vertebrae

2-4

Curves of the spine

Cervical- lordosis

thoracic - kyphosis

lumbar - lordosis

sacral- kyphosis

Also known as hunchback

extreme kyphosis

“swayback” or sticking your butt out

extreme lordosis