Eukaryotic Cell Structures and Microbiology Study Guide

Practice flashcards covering eukaryotic cell structures, fungal classifications, and protozoan life stages based on lecture notes.

Eukaryotic Flagella

Thicker appendages with a $9+2$ microtubule arrangement that move in a whip-like motion.

Prokaryotic Flagella

Smaller, thinner, and less complex appendages that move in a circular motion.

Cilia

Motor appendages exclusive to eukaryotic cells that are shorter and move in a back-and-forth motion.

Eukaryotic Cell Wall

Structure for shape and support that, in organisms like fungi, does not contain peptidoglycan.

Sterols

Components in eukaryotic cell membranes that provide rigidity and support.

Nucleus

Organelle only present in eukaryotic cells that serves to house the cell's genetic material (DNA).

Rough Endoplasmic Membrane (RER)

Organelle studded with ribosomes involved in the storage and transport of proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Membrane (SER)

Organelle involved in the storage and transport of non-protein molecules such as lipids.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that receives vesicles from the ER, chemically modifies the contents, and ships them to their final location.

Transitional vesicles

Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum that are picked up at the face of the Golgi apparatus.

Condensing vesicles

Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus sent to the cell membrane, lysosomes, or outside of the cell.

Vacuoles

Eukaryotic structures used to store anything awaiting digestion; they will fuse with a lysosome.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes used to break down food particles and invading microorganisms.

Mitochondria

The internal structure only present in eukaryotic cells that is the site of ATP production.

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis that are $80S$ in size ($60S$ and $40S$ subunits).

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis that are $70S$ in size ($50S$ and $30S$ subunits).

Actin filaments

Cytoskeleton element responsible for crawling-like movement and shape changes.

Microtubules

Cytoskeleton element responsible for moving RNA and vesicles throughout the cell.

Intermediate filaments

Cytoskeleton element responsible for anchoring organelles.

Mycology

The study of Fungi, including yeasts, mold, and fleshy fungi like mushrooms.

Yeasts

Unicellular, oval-shaped microorganisms that are facultative anaerobes.

Fermentation

Process by which yeasts convert sugar to alcohol for energy in the absence of oxygen.

Budding

The reproduction process used by yeasts.

Pseudohyphae

A structure formed when yeast cells stay attached to each other in a row after the budding process is complete.

Hyphae

Long filamentous cells that compose molds.

Septa

Cross walls that divide hyphae into separate cell units.

Septate hyphae

Hyphae that contain cross walls (septa).

Coenocytic hyphae

Hyphae that are absent of septa.

Mycelium

Large masses of intertwined hyphae that compose fleshy fungi.

Vegetative mycelium

Part of the mycelium that grows below the surface to obtain nutrients.

Reproductive mycelium

Part of the mycelium that projects above the surface and often bears spores.

Dimorphic Fungi

Fungi that can grow in different forms, such as filamentous hyphae or oval-shaped yeasts.

Sporangiospores

Reproducing structures containing a saclike head (sporangium) attached to a stalk.

Conidia

“Free” fungal spores that are not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.

Superficial mycoses

Human fungal diseases that affect keratinized tissue in skin, hair, and nails.

Subcutaneous mycoses

Human fungal diseases affecting the skin layer beneath keratinized tissue down to the lymph vessels.

Systemic mycoses

Human fungal diseases that affect internal organs.

Opportunistic mycoses

Fungal diseases caused when the host’s immune system is already weakened.

Trophozoite

The metabolically active, growing, and dividing stage of a protozoan.

Cyst

The inactive stage of a protozoan protected by a capsule when environmental conditions become harsh.