Information systems

Computer based information system

An information system that uses computer techbikigy to perform some or all of its intended tasks.

What four basic components make up information technology components

• Hardware

• Software

• Database

• Network

Hardware

Consists of devices such as the processor, monitor , keyboard, and printer. These devices accept, process, and display data and information

Software

A program or collection of programs that enable the hardware to process data

Database

a collection of related files or tables containing data

Network

A connecting system (wireline or wireless) that enables multiple computers to share resources

Information

Data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to recipient. (GPA but with person name)

Data items

elementary description of things, events, activities, and transactions that are recorded, classified, and stored but are not organized to create any meaning

Knoweledge

Consists of data and/or information that have been organized and processed to convey understanding.

Procedures

The instructions for combing the above components to process information and generate the desired output

Application (app)

A computer program designed to support a specific task or business process.

Functional area information system

The collection of application programs in a single department

Knowledge workers

professional employees such as financial and marketing analysts, engineers, lawyers, and accountants.

Executive

make decisions that deal with situations that can significantly change the manner in which business is conducted

Business analytics systems (BA)

provide computer - based support for complex, non-routine decisions, primarily for middle managers

Expert systems

attempt to duplicate the work of human experts by applying reasoning capabilities, knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain.

Dashboards

A special form of IS that support all managers of the organization. Provide rapid access to timely information and direct access to structured information in reports.

How does IT reduce the number of middle managers

IT helps make managers more productive, and it increases the number of employees who report to a single manager. It decreases the number of managers and experts

How does IT change the Manager’s Job

IT provides managers with near-real-time information, meaning managers have less time to make decisions, making their jobs more stressful.

How does IT affect or quality of life

IT provides employees with flexibility that helps provide free time. However IT also can put employees on constant call which means they are never away from their office.

Cobot

A robot intended to physical interact with humans in a shared workspace.

Drone

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that either is controlled by pilots from the ground or autonomously follows a programmed mission.

Autonomous Vehicle

A self-driving vehicle equipped with sensors and software to navigate and operate without human intervention.

How does IT impact health care

IT has improved health care and medical workers use IT to make better and faster diagnoses to monitor patients.

Inputs

Materials, services, and information that flow through and are transformed as a result of process activites

Resources

People and equipment that perform process activities

Outputs

The product or a service created by the process

Cross functional process

no single functional area is responsible for their execution. Multiple functional areas collaborate to perform the process.

Procurement process

All of the tasks involved in acquiring needed materials externally from a vendor.

Fulfillment process

Concerned with process customers orders

How does an information system help an organization

It helps execute processes efficiently and effectively. IS informs people when its time to complete a task and providing data on the task.

How does an information system capture and store a process

IS stores data such as dates, times ,product numbers, quantities, prices, and addresses. Some of these data are generated and automatically captured by IS

Globalization

the integration and interdependence of economic, social, cultural, and ecological facets of life, made possible by rapid advances in information technology.

How does IS monitor process performance

IS can detect problems with processes and also can diagnose the cause of the problem.

The changing nature of the workforce

More women, single parents, minorities, and people with disabilities are being hired to the work force.

Powerful customers

Consumer sophistication and expectations increase as customers become more knowledgeable about the products and services they acquire.

Technological innovation and obsolesce as a pressure

New and improved technologies rapidly create or support substitutes for products, alternative service options, and superb quality. As a result, today’s state-of-the-art products may be obsolete tomorrow.

Information overload

Every year information doubles and managers are flooded with tons of information that they must navigate through

Social responsibility pressure

corporations and individuals are willing to spend time and money to address various social problems.

Digital divide

the wide gap between those individuals who have access to information and communications technologies and those who do not.

Compliance with government regulation

Businesses tend to view government regulations as expensive constraints on their activities.

Ethical issues

If handled poorly, they can damage an organization’s image and destroy its employees’ morale.

What are the three types of business pressures

• market pressures

• Technology pressures

• Societal/Political/legal pressures

Make to order

strategy of producing customized (made to individual specifications) products and services.

Mass customization

A company produces a large quantity of items, but it customizes them to match the needs and preferences of individual customers. Mass customization is essentially an attempt to perform make-to-order on a large scale.

What are porters five major forces

• The threat of entry of new competitors

• The bargaining power of suppliers

• The bragaining power of customers

• The threat of subsitutive products or services

• The rivalry among existing firms in the industry