Endocrine - missing whiteboard stuff

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Regulates bodily processes
Produces hormones

Name 6 types of bodily processes the hypothalamus controls

Thirst + hunger
Body temp
BP
Sex drive
Emotions
Carcadian rhythms

Name the 8 hormones that hypothalamus releases

Thyrotropin - releasing hormone
Corticotropin- releasing hormone
Gonadotropin- releasing hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Somatostatin
Dopmine
Vasopressin
Oxytocin

Which are the only two hormones the hypothalamus sends to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Oxytocin
Anti-diuretic hormone

What does corticotropin releasing hormone stimulate the release of + from where?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary

What does thyrotropin - releasing hormone stimulate the release of + from where?

Thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary gland

What is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone?

Acts on thyroid gland to release T3 + T4 to regulate metabolism

What does gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulate the release of + from where?

Follicle stimulating hormone hormone (FSH) and luietenizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland

Whats the role of FSH +LH?

Controls reproductive processes eg sperm production, sex hormone regulation

What does growth hormone releasing hormone stimulate the release of + from where?

growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland

What the function of growth hormone ?

Promotes growth, cell reproduction + cell regeneration

What does somatostatin inhibit the release of + from where?

Inhibits growth hormone + thyroid stimulating hormone

What are the 3 types of signals for hormone release?

Nervous system changes
Chemical changes
Other hormonal changes

What are the 2 types of feedback loops ?

Negative - reverse change
Postive - reinforce change

What are 6 causes thyroid disorders?

Infection
Tumours
Autoimmune diseases
Hormonal disorders
Nutritional disorders
Congenital

What is hyperthyroidism ?

Thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of T3 + T4 = too fast metabolism

What are the two types of hyperthyroidism?

Primary
Secondary

What is the difference between primary and secondary hyperthyroidism?

Primary - Overactive thyroid gland

Secondary - overactive pituitary gland

Name 4 diseases causes by hyperthyroidism

Graves disease
Thyroid nodules
Thyroiditis
Excess iodine

What is graves disease?

Autoimmune disease = antibodies to overstimulate thyroid gland

What are symptoms of graves disease?

Anxiety + irritability
Small tremor
Bulging eyes
Thick red skin on shins or tops of feet
Palpitations
Thyroid gland enlargement
Heat sensitivity
Change in menstrual cycles
Weight loss

What is goiter ?

Enlargement of thyroid gland

What are the causes goliter?

Hyper / hypothyroid conditions

What can goliter effect?

Compress oesophagus + trachea

What is Hashimoto's Thyroiditis?

Autoimmune disorder = immune system attacks thyroid gland = hypothyroidism

How can iodine deficiency = hypothyroidism?

Iodine is. crucial for thyroid hormone production

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Fatigue
Dry skin + hair
Constipation
Low fertility
Myoxedema (oedema of skin + soft tissue)
Memory + concentration issues
Bradycardia
Weight gain
Muscle pain

What is myxoedema?

Swelling of skin + underlying tissue

What causes myxoedema?

Hypothyroidism

What are the symptoms of myxoedema?

Hypothermia
Hypoxia
Bradypnea
Confusion

What can overwhelm the body when dealing with myxoedema ?

Hypothermia
Infection
Heart failure
Trauma
Drugs
Stroke
Internal bleeding

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?

Medulla
Cortex

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

Cortisol
Aldosterone

What does cortisol regulate?

Metabolism
Stress hormone

What dies adrenal medulla produce?

Adrenaline

What does aldosterone do?

Controls blood pressure

What is cushings syndrome?

Excessive cortisol production

What causes cushings syndrome?

Tumour in adrenal gland = overproduction of cortisol

What are the symptoms of cushings syndrome?

Weight gain
Moon face
Purple striae - stretch marks
High BP
High BM
Buffalo hump - rounded spine at neck
Muscle weakness
Osteoporosis

What do alpha and beta cells release in the pancreas?

Alpha - glucagon
Beta - insulin

What is Addisons disease?

Adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol + sometime aldosterone also

Name 3 causes of Addisons disease?

Infection
Autoimmune destruction
Genetic conditions

What are symptoms of Addisons disease?

Chronic fatigue
Weight loss
Darkening of skin
Salt craving
Hypoglycaemia
Adrenal crisis - confusion, low bp, shock

What is the difference between glucagon and glycogen ?

Glycogen - Decreases blood glucose by making it as store
Glucagon - Increases blood glucose by releasing sugar from stores

What is type 1 diabetes?

Immune system attacks insulin producing cells

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Autoimmune triggered by genetic / environmental factors

What is type 2 diabetes?

Insulin resistance

Insulin receptors don't work

Name 6 risk factor for type 2 diabetes

Genetics
Obesity
Inactivity
Age
Diet
Ethnicity - asian / african

Why does low blood glucose affect the body?

Neurons can't function without it

What is the main function of insulin?

Transport glucose into cells

Why do cells lack energy during hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes?

Glucose can't be transported into cells

Name symptoms of hyperglycaemia

Excessive thirst + urination
Recent weight loss
Acetone breath
Tachycardia
Nausea + vomiting
Confusion

What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

Hyperglycaemia = body to break down fats for energy, producing ketones

What is hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)?

Hyperglycaemia without ketosis/acidosis

Name 2 frequent causes for DKA + HHS

Infection
Stopping insulin therapy

How are ketones produced during type 1 diabetes?
What does this lead to?

Low insulin + hyperglycaemia = fat break down for energy = fatty acids

Liver converts fatty acids to ketones that are acidic = metabolic acidosis

How does dehydration occur from diabetes?

Kidneys to excrete glucose + ketones in urine = loss of water + electrolytes = dehydration

Does DKA occur in type 1 or 2 diabetes?

1 as , there is enough insulin in type 2 to stop acidosis

What is osmotic diuresis?
When does it occur?

Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)

Kidneys attempt to excrete excess blood glucose in urine

What does increasing dehydration lead to in HHS?

Hypersomolarity = water moves out of cells into bloodstream to balance osmosis

How does cerebral dehydration occur from HHS?
What does this cause?

Hypersomolarity - water moves into blood from cerebral = confusion, seizures, coma

What are 4 symptoms of HHS?

Severe dehydration
Neurological symptoms - seizure, confusion
Extreme weakness + fatigue
Visual disturbances

Why are infections more common for diabetics?

Vascular impairment = decreased tissue resistance

List 6 symptoms of diabetes?

Kidney disease
Nerve damage
Eye issues
High BP
Strokes
Foot ulcers

Name 2 hormones the posterior pituitary gland excretes?

Oxytocin
Anti-diuretic hormone

What are the 5 hormones the anterior pituitary gland produces?

Thyroid - stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropin
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Gonadotropins

What is acromegaly ?

Excess growth hormone due to pituitary tumour

What are the symptoms of acromegaly?

Large hands + feet
Thick skin
Joint pain + arthritis
Enlarged organs
Sleep apnoea

What are 2 complications of acromegaly?

Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes

What is gigantism ?

Excessive height due to growth hormone secreting pituitary tumour in children

What is diabetes insipidus ?

Lack of antidiuretic hormone = excessive urination + thirst

What are 3 causes of diabetes insipidus?

Damage to pituitary gland / hypothalamus
Genetic
Infection

What are 4 symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

Excessive urination
Excessive thirst
Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance

What is the function of parathyroid hormone ?

Increases blood calcium levels

What is hyperparathyroidism ?

Excessive secretion of PTH

What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

Muscle + bones aches + weakness
Fatigue
Depression
Increased thirst + urination
Kidney stones
Loss of appetite
Nausea + vomiting
Constipation

What is hypoparathyroidism ?

Low PTH levels + low calcium levels

What causes hypoparathyroidism ?

Congenital / genetic
Neck surgery

What is a gonad?

Primary reproductive organ

What is hypogonadism ?

Underproduction of hormones by gonads

What causes hypogonadism ?

Genetic
Injury to gonads
Autoimmune disorders

What are the symptoms of hypogonadism ?

Infertility
Delayed puberty
Reduced secondary sexual characteristics

What is gonadal dysgenesis ?

Abnormal development of gonads

What are the two types of gonadal dysgenesis ?

Complete
Partial

What are the symptoms of gonadal dysgenesis ?

Absent / incomplete puberty
Infertility
Lack of sex hormone production

What is polycystic ovary syndrome (POCS)?

Hormonal imbalance = irregular periods + ovarian cysts

What are the symptoms of POCS?

Irregular menstruation
Infertility
Weight gain
Excessive hair growth