OM TOPIC 7 FINALS

job design

involves specifying the contents and methods of jobs

specialization

work that concentrates on some aspect of a product or service

job enlargement

means giving a worker a larger portion of the total task. This constitutes horizontal loading the additional work is on the same level of skill and responsibility as the original job.

Job Rotation

means having workers periodically exchange jobs.

Job Enrichment

involves an increase in the level of responsibility for planning and coordination tasks, It is sometimes referred to as vertical loading.

Ergonomics or human factor

is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions between human and other elements of a system, and a profession that applies theory, principles, data, and method to design in order to optimize human well being and overall system performance.

Self directed teams

groups empowered to make certain changes in their work processes.

Time based system

compensation based on time and employee has worked during a pay period.

Output based (incentive)system

compensation based on amount of output an employee produced during a pay period.

Knowledge based pay

Pay system used by organization to reward workers who undergo training that increases their skills.

physical, cognitive, organizational

the international ergonomics association organizes ergonomics into 3 domains

Flow process chart

chart used to examine the overall sequence of an operation by focusing on movements of the operator or flow of materials.

worker machine activity chart

Chart used to determine portions of a work cycle during which an operator and equipment are busy or idle.

Motion study

is a systematic way of determining the best method of doing the work by scrutinizing the motions made by the worker or the machine. As per Gilbreth it is the science of eliminating the wastefulness due to unnecessary motions. He was interested in finding the one best way to do the job.

use of the body, arrangement of the workplace, design of tools and equipment

3 categories of Gilbreth’s guidelines

Motion study principles

Guidelines for designing motion efficient work procedures

Therbligs

primarily refer to motion of human body at the workplace and to the mental activities associated with it. They permit much more precise and detailed description of the work than any other recording techniques. This were suggested by Frank B. Gilbreth the founder of motion study who differentiated 17 fundamental hand or hand and eye motions to which an eighteenth has been added. Each has a specific color, symbol and letter for recording purposes.

search

implies hunting for an item with the hands and/ or the eyes.

select

means to choose from a group of objects.

grasp

means to take hold of an object.

hold

refers to retention of an object after it has been grasped

transport load

means movement of an object after hold

release load

means to release control of an object.

Micromotion study

Use of motion pictures and slow motions that otherwise would be too rapid to analyze

Work measurement

Determining how long it should take to do a job.

analysis phase

in which the job is divided into convenient, discrete components, commonly known as elements;

measurement phase

in which the specific measurement technique is used to establish the time required (by a qualified worker working at a defined level of performance) to complete each element of work;

synthesis phase

in which the various elemental times are added, together with appropriate allowances (see below), to construct the standard time for the complete job.

simultaneous motion or simo chart

A chart used in method study to record a worker's rapid hand movements in performing work tasks. The work elements involved are often identified using slowed down video recordings or films and presented in chart form using Therblig’s symbols.

Standard time

the time it should take a fully trained and qualified worker to complete a specific task, working at an efficient, yet sustainable pace, using specific methods, tools and equipment, raw materials, and workplace arrangement.

Stop Watch Time Study

Development of a time standard based on observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles.

Standard elemental times

Time standards derived from a firm’s historical time data.

Predetermined time standards

Published data based on extensive research to determine standard elemental times.

Work sampling

Technique for estimating the proportion of time that a worker or machine spends on various activities and the idle time.

Random number table

Table consisting of unordered sequences of numbers, used to determine random observation schedules.