AP EURO 3.3 3.4

Laissez-faire

government stays out of the economy

Liberalism

belief in freedom, rights, and reform

Popular sovereignty

government power comes from the people

Individual rights

freedoms each person is born with

Economic liberalism

free market with little government control

Thomas Malthus

warned population would outgrow food supply

David Ricardo

trade based on comparative advantage

Jeremy Bentham

actions should create greatest happiness

Female suffrage

the right for women to vote

Universal male suffrage

all adult men can vote

Conservatism

keeping tradition and resisting change

Socialism

wealth and industry shared more equally

Marxism

society shaped by class struggle

Anarchism

belief that government should not exist

Nationalism

strong pride and loyalty to one’s nation

Anti-Semitism

prejudice or hatred toward Jewish people

Zionism

movement to create a Jewish homeland

Government reforms –

changes made to improve government systems

Modern police force

organized system to enforce laws

Compulsory education

laws requiring children to attend school

Mass politics

large numbers of people involved in politics

Labor unions

groups formed to protect workers’ rights

Feminism

movement for equality between men and women

Anti-Corn Law League

group pushing for free trade in Britain

John Stuart Mill

supported liberty and individual freedoms

Chartists

demanded voting rights for working-class men

Flora Tristan

early supporter of workers and women

Edmund Burke

argued for tradition and gradual change

Joseph de Maistre

believed in strong monarchy and church

Metternich

tried to stop revolutions in Europe

Henry de Saint-Simon

early socialist focused on industry

Charles Fourier

wanted ideal cooperative communities

Robert Owen

created model communities for workers

Friedrich Engels

worked with Marx on communism

August Bebel

leader in German socialism

Rosa Luxemburg

– pushed for socialist revolution

Mikhail Bakunin

supported anarchist revolution

Georges Sorel

believed in violent worker action

Giuseppe Mazzini

– promoted Italian nationalism and unity

Dreyfus Affair

scandal showing anti-Semitism in France

Christian Socialists

combined Christian values with social reform

Karl Lueger

politician known for anti-Semitism

Theodor Herzl

led movement for Jewish state

Public housing

housing provided by the government

Urban redesign

rebuilding cities to improve living conditions

Conservatives

people who support tradition and order

Liberals

people who support reform and freedoms

Socialists

people who support economic equality

British Labour Party

political party for workers’ interests

German Social Democrats

major socialist party in Germany

British Women’s Social and Political Union

militant group for women’s voting rights

Emmeline Pankhurst

leader of militant suffrage movement

Temperance Movement

movement to reduce or ban alcohol

British Abolitionist Movement

campaign to end slavery

Josephine Butler

worked to protect women’s rights

Concert of Europe

system to keep peace after Napoleon

Congress System

meetings between European powers to solve issuesMetternich

Metternich

key leader promoting conservatism

Conservatism

belief in tradition and stability

Revolutions of 1848

series of uprisings across Europe

Crimean War

war between Russia and European powers

Italian Unification

process of forming one Italian nation

German Unification

process of forming one German nation

Napoleon III –

ruler of France after revolution

Cavour

helped unify Italy through diplomacy

Bismarck

unified Germany using war and politics

Dual Monarchy/Austria-Hungary

empire split between Austria and Hungary

Revolution of 1905 (Russia

uprising that forced limited reforms

Realpolitik

politics based on power and practical goals

Garibaldi

led troops to unify southern Italy

Bismarckian System of Alliances –

alliances to keep balance of power

Balkans

region with many ethnic tensions

Great Powers

strongest countries in Europe

Reactionaries

people who want to return to old systems

Greek War of Independence

Greece fought to break from Ottomans

Decembrist Revolt

failed revolt by Russian officers

Polish Revolt

uprisings against foreign rule

July Revolution

1830 French uprising replacing king

Alexander II (Russia

tsar who freed the serfs

Sergei Witte

pushed industrial growth in Russia

Peter Stolypin

tried to reform Russian agriculture

Three Emperors’ Alliance

agreement between Germany, Austria, Russia

Triple Alliance

alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Reinsurance Treaty

secret pact between Germany and Russia

Congress of Berlin (1878)

meeting to settle Balkan conflicts

Bosnia-Herzegovina Crisis

Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia

First Balkan War

Balkan states fought Ottoman Empire

Second Balkan War –

Balkan states fought each other