unit 4 ap chem

physical change

change in appearance or state

• phase change

• separating mixtures

chemical changes

transformation of substances

• light, heat, gas produced

• change color

• precipitate formed

• heat change

spectator ions

Na+, K+, NO3-, Cl-

titrations

using buret to slowly add one solution into another (in the flask).

equil pt

mols of base = mols of acid

endpoint

acid-base changes color

true or false, if correct, equil pt should be close to endpoint

true

acid base reactions

transfer of H+

redox reactions

• transfer of electrons

• losing electrons = oxidation

• OIL RIG (oxidation is losing, reduction is gaining)

• every atom in every compound or ion has an oxidation state

oxidation number rules

alkali metals are +1

alkaline earth metals are +2

oxygen is -2

hydrogen is +1

compounds with alkalie metal ions, ammonium, nitrate are…

always soluble in water

bronsted-lowry

acid is proton donor

base is proton reciever

proton=H+

acid vs conj base

acid: has H

conj base: missing H

EX: HCl and Cl-

base vs conj acid

base: has OH

conj acid: has extra H

EX: H2O and H3O+

what side are conjugate acids and bases on

always part of products

molecular equation

shows reactants and products

EX: AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

complete ionic equation

shows EVERYTHING

EX: Ag+ + NO3- + Na+ + Cl- → AgCl (s) + Na+ + NO3-

Net ionic equation

removes spectator ions

EX: Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl