Chapter 1: the study of life BIO

Levels of biological organization range from…

atoms to the biosphere

Each level of organization is _____ than the level ____

more complex; preceding it

As biological complexity ____ each level acquired new, ____

increases; emergent properties

Levels for biological Organization

Atoms

molecules

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

species

population

ecosystem

biosphere

Atom

the basic units of matter

molecules

2 or more atoms joined together

cell

the smallest, most basic unit of structure and function of all living things

tissue

group of cells with a common structure and function

organ

made of tissues functioning together for a specific task

organ system

made of several organs working together

organism

an individual: organ systems work together

species

a group of similar, interbreeding organisms

population

organisms of the same species in a particular area

community

interacting population in a particular area

ecosystem

a community plus the physical environment

biosphere

regions of the earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living organisms

5 basic characterics of life are required by all organisms on eart

life required material and energy

living organisms maintain homeostasis

living organism respond

living organisms reproduce and develop

living organisms have adaptations

What is the capacity to do work

energy

what is required to maintain organization and conduct life sustaining processes such as chemical reactions

energy

what is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

metabolism

What is the ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on earth even for organisms that do not directly interact with the ___

sun

what some organisms that capture energy and perform photosynthesis

plants and algae

Photosynthesis

is a process that converts solar into chemical energy of carbohydrates

What is characterized by chemical cycling and energy flow

ecosystems

what moves from one population to another in a food chain and are not used up when organisms die

chemicals

Energy from the sun flows through plants and other members of the food chain as one population feeds on another.

therefore, there must be a constant input of solar energy.

Ecosystem Ecologist

scientists who study relationships between organisms and the environment

Homeostasis

the maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries

It is imperative that an organism maintain a state of biological balance

homeostasis

feedback systems

monitor internal conditions and make adjustments

Example: sweating helps cool down the body and brings the temperature back to a normal range during exercise

Living organisms maintain homeostasis

How do living organisms respond

interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment. the ability to respond often produces movement

All living organism must do what to maintain a population

reproduce

the manner of reproduction

vaires among different organisms

What happens when organisms reproduce

they pass on copies of their genetic information (DNA/genes) to the next generation

An adaptation

is any modification that makes an organism better able to function in a particular environment

Why does the diversity of life exist?

because over long periods of time, organisms respond to changing environments by developing new adaptations

evolution

is the change in a population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment

The theory of evolution explains

the diversity and unity of life

the theory of evolution suggests that…

all living things descended from a common ancestor

Natural selection

is the evolutionary mechanism proposed by charles darwin

some aspects of the environment selects…

which traits are more apt to be passed on to the next generation

individuals with the favorable traits produce…

the greater # of offspring that survive and reproduce

this increases the frequency of those favorable traits in

population

mutuations do what among members of a population?

fuel natural selection and introduces variations among members of a population

What is a evolutionary tree like?

family tree

what does a evolutionary tree trace?

the ancestry of life on earth to a common ancestor

taxonomy

is the discipline of biology that identifies, names, and classifies organisms according to certain rules

Systematics

is the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

organizing diversity (classification categories)

from least inclusive category (species) to most inclusive category (domain)

from species to domain

species → genus → family→ order → class→ phylum → kingdom → supergroup → domain

what is most commonly used classification system places organisms into one of the 3 domains

domains

domain archae

contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments probably similar to the primitive earth

Domain bacteria

contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in all environments including on our skin and in our mouth and large intestine

domain eukarya

contains unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes