kinesiology final exam

what is the convex/concave principle

• convex bone - joint surface moves in opposite direction of the bone

• concave - joint surface moves in the same direction of the bone

joints of the shoulder complex

• sternoclavicular

• acromioclavicular

• scapulothoracic

• glenohumeral

functions of the clavicle

• sites for muscle attatchment

• protects nerves and blood vessels

• increased ROM of shoulder

motions of the SC joint

• elevation and depression (frontal plane)

• protraction and retraction (transverse plane)

• upward and downward rotation (sagittal plane)

scapulohumeral rhythm

• scapula rotates upward as glenohumeral joint flexes or abducts

• for every 2 degrees of GH joint flexion or abduction, there is 1 degree of upward rotation of ST joint

• GH contributes 120 d flexion or abduction, ST joint contributes 60 d of upward rotation

what are the rotator cuff muscles

• supraspinatus

• infraspinatus

• teres minor

• subscapularis

• SITS

what is the annular ligament

forms a ring around the head of the radius holding the radius to the ulna while allowing rotation to occur with forearm pronation/supination

what is a sesamoid bone

• small bone embedded within a tendon or muscuotendious unit that provide protection and improved mechanical advantage

• ex. patella, pisiform (located in the hand)

open packed meaning

• ligaments are joint capsule on slack

• minimal joint surface contact

closed pack meaning

• maximal joint surface contact

• max tightness of ligaments and joint capsule

• mechanically stable, less need for muscle to maintain position

scapular-thoracic joint

• functional joint because there is no true bony articulation

• scapula moves over the ribs

• held in place by muscular tension

what is the scapular force couple

• combined action of upper trap, lower trap, and serratus anterior muscles to allow the scapula to upwardly rotate

• an imbalance between these muscles can lead to poor scapulohumeral rhythm

what is active insufficiency

• the position where a muscle cannot generate sufficient force

  • shortened across multiple joint

• ex. biceps brachii crosses 3 joints: GH joint, elbow and forearm

what carpal bones does the distal radius articulate with

scaphoid and lunate

CMC joint of the thumb

• articulations between the 1st metacarpal and the trapezium

• saddle synovial joint

• close pack = full opposition

• open pack= mid way between flex/ext and abd/add

what is prehension

• the ability of fingers and thumb to grasp and hold objects

• power - used when stability and large forces are needed

• precision- used when control and delicate actions are needed

what is a pulley system

• located where joint motion of tension on the tendons cause the tendons to move away from the joint

• holds tendons in place - prevents bowstringing

• allows smooth gliding of the tendons with the assistance of the tendinous sheath

what are the wrist extensors held in place by

extensor retinaculum

what are the wrist flexor tendons held in place by

• flexor retinaculum

• transverse carpal ligament

what are the functions of the anterior portion of the vertebrae

• weight bearing

• shock absorption

what are the functions of the posterior portion of the vertebrae

• protection of posterior aspect of spinal cord

• guides and limits spine motion

what are the intervertebral joints

• formed by the articulation of adjacent vertebral bodies

• (except C1-2)

• intervertebral discs are between each pair of vertebral bodies

what are facet joints

• classified as plane joints

• have a synovial capsule that is well innervated (lots of sensory nerves)

• responsible for guiding intervertebral motion

• orientation of facet joint determines available motion

what is the pelvic make up

• two innominate bones + sacrum

• each bone is made up of 3 separate bones

  • ilium

  • ischium

  • pubis

what is the sacroiliac joint

• joint between the ilium and sacrum bones

• synovial joint

• nerve and vascular supply

anterior pelvic tilt

• ASIS move anteriorly and inferiorly

• produces hip flexion and lumbar extension

posterior pelvic tilt

• ASIS move posteriorly and superiorly

• produces hip extension and lumbar flexion

what does left anterior pelvic rotation create

• right hip joint internal rotation

• left hip joint external rotation

femoral anteversion

• transverse plane alignment

  • angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the medial lateral axis of the femoral condyles '

  • normal is about 15 degrees for adults

what is the open pack position of the tibiofemoral joint

20-30 degrees or greater of flexion

what is the screw home mechanism of the knee

• during the last 30 degrees of knee extension, the tibia externally rotates and the femur internally rotates

• during knee flexion the tibia internally rotates and the femur externally rotates

what are the ligaments of the knee

• ACL - anterior cruciate ligament

• PCL - posterior cruciate ligament

• MCL - medial collateral ligament

• LCL - lateral collateral ligament

what is the cartilage in the knee

• meniscus - medial and lateral

what is the tendon in the knee

IT band - ilio-tibial band - tendionous portion of the tensor fascia latae muscle

what is the function of the patellofemoral joint

• increases angle of insertion and mechanical advantage of quadriceps tendon

• protects patellar tendon from excess friction on the femur during knee flexion

what are causes of abnormal patellar tracking

• “weakness” of the vastus medialis

• “tight” IT band

• “weakness” of hip abductors and/or external rotators

what is supination of the foot a combination of

• inversion

• adduction

• plantarflexion

what is pronation of the foot a combination of

• eversion

• abduction

• dorsiflexion

what are the functions of the foot arches

• stability and protection

  • distribution of weight in weight in bearing

  • conversion to rigid lever

• mobility

  • stores mechanical energy and releases it to improve efficiency of gait

what are the arches of the foot

• lateral longitudinal arch

• medial longitudinal arch

• transverse arch

what are newtons laws of motion

• law of inertia

• law of acceleration

• law of action-reaction

what is newtons first law of motions

1. Law of inertia

• a body in motion tends to remain in motion unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force

  • inertia is related to the amount of energy required to change the velocity of an object - the resistance to action or change

what is force

• force produces change in the state of rest or the motion of an object

• force is essential to change velocity and direction

  • ex. muscle, body weight (internal force), gravity, resistance, friction (external force)

what is dynamic equilibrium

• all applied and internal forces acting on the moving body are in balance, resulting in the body moving at a constant speed

  • to control equilirbium and achieve balance, STABILITY needs to be maximized

what is center of mass

• the point at which the mass of an object is evenly distributed

what is theoretical COG for a human being standing in anatomical position

anterior to the second sacral vertebrae (S2)

what is newtons second law of motion

2. Law of acceleration

• when force is applied to an object at rest, the object is taken out of equilibrium and the result is acceleration of the object

• force = mass x acceleration (F=ma)

what is newtons third law of motion

3. Law of reaction

• objects that are touching exert forces on each other that are

  • equal in magnitude

  • opposite in direction