Economic and Financial Vocabulary Flashcards

A comprehensive collection of vocabulary terms related to finance, economics, and global markets based on the lecture transcript.

financial instruments

a financial asset that can be bought or sold, such as a bond, share, or other security

bonds

an official paper given by the government or a company to show that you have lent them money that they will pay back to you at a particular interest rate

shares

one of the equal parts that the ownership of a company is divided into, and that can be bought by members of the public

market index

gauge to caculate an amount, especially by using a measure device predict/ observe

capital

money and possessions, especially a large amount of money used for producing more wealth or for starting a new business

interest

money that is charged by a bank or other financial organization for borrowing money

utility

the usefulness of something

futures contracts

buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price on a specific future date

bundle

a number of things that belong or are sold together

volatile

likely to change suddenly or unexpected

hedge

ways of protecting, controlling

resource allocation

how resources like time, money are divided among different needs and activities

scarcity

resources are limited, but people's needs and wants are unlimited

economic decisions

made choice to use scare resources to meet ends

opportunity cost

the value of the next best choice you give up when making a decision due to limited resource

efficiency

making the best use of limited resources to produce the most goods and services

productivity

how effeciencyly resources like labor or materials are use to produce goods

incentives

rewards or penalties

economic policy

government decisions aimed at managing economy

elasticity

the measure of how responsive one variable is to a change in another variable

interdependent

depending on each others

regulatory framework

refers to the set of laws and guidelines established by authorities to regulate industries

monopoly power

is the ability of the company or entity to dominate and control a specific market, limiting compertion

supply chain

refers to the process of producing and distrubing goods and services from suppliers to consumers

economic planning

is the process of the defining strategies and actions for managing a country's resourcs, growth, and development

labor policy

guidelines and rules for managing employment, wages and working conditions

trade balance

measures the difference between country's exports and imports

fiscal policy

government decisions about taxation and public spending to influence economic acitivity

market structure

refers to the organaztion and characterictics of a market, including the number and type of competitors

leverage

the power to influnce the result

welfare

help given, especially by the state or an organization, to people who need it, especially because they do not have enough money

consolidate

merge, or make something become stronger

expansion

the increase of something in size, number or importance

outsource

pays to have work done by other companies

substitute

to use something or someone instead of something or someone

capacity

the total amount that can be contained or produced

downgrade

reduce something or someone to a lower rank

fluctuation

the change or the process of changing

reliability

the quality of being able to be trusted

market equilibrium

The quantity of a good or service that is bought and sold when a market is in equilibrium

equilibrium price

The price at which supply and demand are in balance

equilibrium quantity

The point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied at a particular price

disequilibrium

Any situation where the qauantity demanded is not equal to the quantity supplied, leading to either a surplus or a shortage

surplus

An excess of supply over demand, occuring when the price is above equilibrium

shortage

A situation where demand exceeds supply, usually caused by a price below equilibrium

supply curve

A graphical representation showing the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to supply at different prices

price ceiling

A government-imposed maximum price for a good or service, often leading to shortages

price floor

A government-imposed minium price for a good or service, potentially causing surpluses

consumer preferences

The collective desires and choices of consumers that influence demand for various products and services

liable

having legal responsibility for

digital transformation

When bussinessed or organizations use digital technology to change how they work and improve their services

data analytics

Looking at data to find useful information that helps make better decision

online marketplace

A website or an app where people sell and buy products or services online

remote work

Work agreement where employees do their job outside offcial settings

cybersecurity threats

Potential dangers that can compromise the security of computer systems

virtual currency

Money that exits only online and is used for digital payments

digital economy

An economy where digital platforms help people buy, sell, or work by connecting them directly

gig economy

A work system where peole do short tem jobs and are paid for each task instead of having a full time job

compromise

an agreement in an argument

catalyst

an event or a person that cause a great change

bureaucracy

a system for controlling or managing a country, company, or organization that is operated by a large number of officials employed to follow rules carefully

collateral

valuable property owned by someone who wants to borrow money, that they agree will become the property of the company or person who lends the money if the debt is not paid back

micro-insurance

Insurance that designed for low income individuals.

cash flow management

The practice of managing the movement of money in and out of a bussiness or individual's accounts

grameen bank

An organazition that pioneered microfinance, knows for its high repayment rates

microloans

Small loans provided to individuals or groups with low incomes who lack access to traditional financial services

credit history

A record of a borrower's repayment behavior and creditworthiness

financial inclusion

The process of including individuals who are excluded from traditional financial services, such as banking

entrepreneurship

skill in starting a new bussiness

stagnation

staying unchanged

harvesting

colleting crops

exhaustible

something are in used and no thing left

insertion

putting or adding something in

regenerative

something is growing or being grown again

deterioration

become worse

prosperity

the state of being successful and having a lot of money

monotony

a situation when something is staying unchanged and leading to feel boring

retain

keep or continue to have something

reliant

need or depend on something

affluence

the state of having a lot of money

exploit

to use something in a way that helps you

extraction

the process of removing something from inside the surface

mobility

the ability to walk or move freely

degradation

the process of something being destroyed

self-sufficient

being able to take care yourself without the need from anyone

global economy

The interconnected economic activities that occur among multiple countries on a wordwide scale

globalization

The process of integrating national and regional economies, societies and cultures through global networks of trade, communication, immigration,…

international trade

The exchange of goods and services between different countries

international finance

The movement of money between countries, including aspects like currency echange rates and monetary policy

global investment

Investment strategies that transcend geographical boundaries, often accomplished through foreign direct investment

emerging markets

Economies of countries experiencing rapid growth and development, often due to increased populatiob and economic progress

comparative advantage

produce goods at lower cost than its trade partners

monetary policy

Actions taken by a country's central bank to control its money supply, interest rates

free-trade

The unrestricted exchanged of goods and services between countries, reducing trade barries like tarrif and quotas

economies of scale

The more you produce, the lower cost you have

trade tarrifs

Taxes imposed on imports or exports to protect domestic industries or generative revenue

trade quotas

Restrictions placed on the quantity or value of specific goods that can be imported or exported between countries

trade deficit

When a country's imports exceed its exports, resulting in a negative balance of trade

conservation

use something carefully to protect it