all my bio definitions for sac 2

light energy

energy from the sun

chemical energy

energy from organic molecules in food

autotroph

an organism that produces its own food using light or chemical energy to convert inorganic substances into organic compounds

heterotroph

an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly matter from other organisms

photosynthesis

a chemical reaction in which the suns light energy is used to convert the inorganic compounds CO2 and H2O into organic compound glucose

where does photosynthesis take place

in the chloroplast

cellular respiration

the process cells use to convert glucose into usable energy (ATP), requiring glucose and oxygen as inputs while producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy

where does cellular respiration occur?

the cytosol and the mitochondria

chlorophyll

the green pigment on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

what does the chlorophyll do?

absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

grana

stacks of thylakoid membranes inside the chloroplasts of plant and algae cells

what happens in the grana

it is where the light-dependent stages of photosynthesis occurs

thylakoid membranes

interconnected and folded membranes inside a chloroplast that make up the grana

stroma

gel-like fluid inside a chloroplast that surrounds the grana

what happens in the stroma

it is the site of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

endosymbiosis

a beneficial relationship between two organisms where one lives inside the other

what does ADP stand for

adenosine diphosphate

what is adp

a compound of adenosine and two phosphate groups that can store energy when another phosphate is added, forming atp

what is glycolysis

it is the first stage of cellular respiration

what happens in the first stage of cellular respiration

one molecule of glucose is broken down into two pryuvat molecules in the cytosol, producing two ATP molecules

does glycolysis require energy

no

aerobic cellular respiration

cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen and involves the transformation of chemical energy in glucose into ATP

anaerobic cellular respiration

cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and involves the transformation of the chemical energy in glucose into ATP

what is another name for anaerobic cellular respiration

fermentation

matrix

the fluid component of the mitochondria and the site of the second stage of aerobic cellular respiration, the krebs cycle

cristae

the highly folded inner membrane of the mitochondria and the site of the third stage of aerobic cellular respiration, the electron transport chain

what does DNA stand for

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

a type of nucleic acids that carries the organisms genetic information

nucleotide

the basic structural untit of nucleic acids

purine

the nucleotide with a two-ring structure ( adenine and guanine )

pyrimidine

a nucleotide with a single-ring structure ( cytosine and thymine )

complementary base pairing

the pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA

DNA packaging

the process in which DNA is compacted and packaged into the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

chromatin

a condensed structure, made of DNA and protein, found in the the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

nucleosome

a set of eight histone proteins with DNA coiled tightly around them

chromosomes

highly compct form of DNA that is visible in eukaryotic cells as they divide

mitosis

the division of a eukaryotic cell’s nucleus

binary fission

a type of asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells

reproduction

the production of offspring

interphase

the period of the cells cycle that consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases

G1 (first gap) phase

the first period of cell growth in the cell cycle

G0 phase

the resting phase of the cell cycle that some cells may enter

s (synthesis) phase

the DNA replication phase of the cell cycle

single chromosome

a highly condensed, single molecule of DNA

double chromosome

a highly condensed, replicated molecule of DNA consisting of two identical chromatids joined by a centromere

chromatid

one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome, joined at a centromere during cell division

centromere

the specialized, constricted region of a chromosome that links sister chromatids together during cell division

G2 ( gap 2 ) phase

the second period of cell growth in the cell cycle

m ( mitosis) phase

the portion of the cell cycle that includes mitosis

c (cytokinesis) phase

the portion of the cell cycle that includes cytokinesis

diploid

cells or organisms containing two complete sets of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent

homologous chromosomes

pairs of matching chromosomes—one inherited from each parent—found in diploid cells

prophase

the first mitotic phase, involves the breakdown of nuclear membrane and appearance of distinct chromosomes

metaphase

m=middle, involves the lining up of chromosomes along the middle ( the equator ) of the cell

anaphase

a mitotic phase in which double chromosomes separate and the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cells

telophase

the final mitotic phase, in which two nuclei are formed and the cell prepares to divide

centrosome

an organelle from which spindle microtubules develop during cell division: containing the centrioles

cytokinesis

the final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cytoplasm splits, giving rise to two genetically identical daughter cells

cleavage furrow

the indentation of the cells plasma membrane as it pinches inwards to split the cell into two

cell plate

a structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells and gives rise to the new cell walls of the daughter cells at the conclusion of division

cell cycle checkpoints

control points within the cell cycle that ensures accurate division of the cell

g1 checkpoint

the first checkpoint of the cell cycle: commits the cell to the rest of the cycle

g2 checkpoints

the second checkpoint of the cell cycle: ensures the DNA is suitable for entry into mitosis

apoptosis

programmed cell death

m checkpoint

the final cell cycle checkpoint; ensures that spindle microtubules are correctly attached to chromosomes

kinetochore

a complex of proteins that assembles on the centromere and to which spindle microtubules attach during mitosis

regulatory proteins

a group of proteins that operate s cell cycle checkpoints to allow healthy cells to progress in the cycle