Introduction to Basic Anatomy and Cytology

Comprehensive flashcards covering introductory human anatomy, organ systems, anatomical terminology, and basic cytology/cell biology.

What are the Greek roots of the word "Anatomy" and what do they mean?

$\text{Ana}$ means "Apart" and $\text{Tome/Tomy}$ means "Cut", meaning Anatomy literally translates to "Cutting Apart".

What is the primary difference between Gross Anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)?

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic) involves structures visible to the naked eye, while Microscopic Anatomy (Histology) requires a microscope to study cells (Cytology) and tissues.

How does Regional Anatomy differ from Systemic Anatomy?

Regional Anatomy studies the body by specific areas (e.g., Head & Neck, Thorax), whereas Systemic Anatomy studies the body's functional systems (e.g., Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous).

Which anatomical approach focuses on the question "How it works?"

Systemic Anatomy.

What are the major organs and functions of the Integumentary system?

Major organs include the Skin, Hair, Sweat glands, and Nails; functions include environmental protection, body temperature regulation, and providing sensory information.

What is Hematopoiesis and where does it occur in the Skeletal system?

Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells (red, white, and platelets), and it occurs within the Bone Marrow.

What are the functions of the Cardiovascular system?

It transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes; and helps regulate body temperature, pH, and fluid balance.

In the Respiratory system, what are Alveoli?

Small sacs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) takes place.

Which organ in the Digestive system creates bile, stores nutrients, and detoxifies substances?

The Liver.

What are the primary organs of the Central Nervous System as described in the lecture?

The Brain (control center) and the Spinal cord (signal transmission and reflex center).

What hormones are produced by the Pancreas and the Testes in the Endocrine system?

The Pancreas produces insulin and glucagon; the Testes produce testosterone.

What is the function of the Urinary bladder?

It temporarily stores urine before it is excreted from the body.

List the key characteristics of the standard Anatomical Position.

Standing upright, facing the observer, head level, eyes forward, feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, and palms turned forward (ventral).

What structures are contained within the Dorsal Body Cavity?

The Cranial Cavity (containing the Brain) and the Vertebral/Spinal Cavity (containing the Spinal Cord).

The Ventral Body Cavity is divided into which two main compartments by the diaphragm?

The Thoracic Cavity (containing the heart and lungs) and the Abdominopelvic Cavity.

Which anatomical plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions?

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane.

Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions?

Coronal (Frontal) Plane.

Define the terms 'Proximal' and 'Distal' in anatomical relationship.

Proximal means closer to the point of attachment (e.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist); Distal means further from the point of attachment (e.g., fingers are distal to the arm).

What is the difference between 'Ipsilateral' and 'Contralateral'?

Ipsilateral refers to structures on the same side of the body; Contralateral refers to structures on opposite sides of the body.

What are the clinical terms for 'Deep' and 'Superficial'?

Superficial means closer to the surface (e.g., skin to blood vessels); Deep means further away from the surface (e.g., bone to muscles).

Define Flexion and Extension.

Flexion is a movement that decreases the angle between body parts (bending); Extension is a movement that increases the angle (straightening).

What is the difference between Abduction and Adduction?

Abduction is moving a body part away from the midline; Adduction is bringing a body part toward the midline.

What are Inversion and Eversion in the context of foot movement?

Inversion is turning the sole of the foot inward (medially); Eversion is turning the sole of the foot outward (laterally).

Describe 'Supination' and 'Pronation' of the forearm.

Supination is rotating the forearm so the palm turns upward (anteriorly); Pronation is rotating it so the palm turns downward (posteriorly).

What do 'Elevation' and 'Depression' mean in anatomy?

Elevation is moving a part upward (e.g., shrugging shoulders); Depression is moving a part downward (e.g., lowering shoulders).

What is 'Opposition' regarding hand movement?

Bringing the thumb to touch the tip of another finger on the same hand.

Define a 'Longitudinal section' in histology.

Tissue cut along the longest direction of an organ.

What is the primary structural component of the Cell Membrane according to the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A Phospholipid bilayer consisting of hydrophilic heads (phosphate) and hydrophobic tails (lipid).

What are the roles of 'Integral' and 'Peripheral' membrane proteins?

Integral proteins are embedded in the bilayer (acting as channels or receptors); Peripheral proteins are attached to the surface.

What is the function of the Nucleolus?

It is the site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly.

What are the distinct functions of Rough ER (RER) and Smooth ER (SER)?

RER (with ribosomes) is involved in protein synthesis and transport; SER (no ribosomes) is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

Why is the Golgi Apparatus called the "Packaging & Shipping Center" of the cell?

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport or secretion.

What is the primary function of Mitochondria?

The generation of ATP (energy) through aerobic cellular respiration.

What are Lysosomes and what is 'Autophagy'?

Lysosomes are single-membrane organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes for digestion; Autophagy is the process of recycling worn-out organelles within the cell.

What is the specific function of the enzyme 'Catalase' in Peroxisomes?

It breaks down hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) into water ($H_2O$) and oxygen ($O_2$) to prevent cell damage.

Identify the three types of Cytoskeleton filaments and their diameters.

Microtubules ($24-25\,nm$), Microfilaments ($5-7\,nm$), and Intermediate Filaments ($10\,nm$).

What is the structural arrangement of Microtubules in a Centriole?

A $9 \times 3$ arrangement (9 triplets of microtubules with no central pair, denoted as $9+0$).

Match these cell shapes to their functions: Squamous, Columnar, Discoid.

Squamous is for diffusion and filtration; Columnar is for absorption and secretion; Discoid is for gas transport (Red Blood Cells).

Identify the cell shape found in Smooth Muscle.

Fusiform (Spindle Shape).

What happens during the S Phase of the Cell Cycle?

DNA Replication (Synthesis phase) occurs, resulting in chromosome duplication.

What is 'G0 Phase'?

A resting phase where cells exit the cell cycle and do not divide (e.g., neurons or cardiac muscle cells).

What are the outcomes of Mitosis versus Meiosis?

Mitosis produces 2 identical diploid ($2n$) daughter cells; Meiosis produces 4 genetically different haploid ($n$) cells for reproduction.

What is 'Crossing Over' in Meiosis?

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I, increasing genetic diversity.