Chapter 3: Anatomy for Central Service Technicians (pg. 29-52)

what is the basic living unit of life

cells

how many cells are in the human body?

100 trillion

what are within cells?

organelles, microscopic organs that perform specific functions

what are the functions of a cell?

• respiration

• nutrition

• energy production

• waste elimination

• repreduction

can living cells come from dead cells?

no

can living cells come from living cells?

yes

what are the three main parts of a human cell?

• cell membrane

• cytoplasm

• nucelus

what is the cell membrane?

• porous flexible and surrounds the cell to keep it seperated from the outside enviornment

• surrounds the cytoplasm and allows and controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell

• ex: absorption of oxygen and food and elimination of wast eproducts produced by the cell

• outer covering of a cell that regulates what enters and leaves it

what is the cytoplasm?

• clear-jelly like substance that surrounds the nucelus and contains the cell fluid and organelles

• clear, jelly like substance of a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus

what is the nucelus

• surrounded and protected by the cytoplasm

• oval structure

• serves as the brain center of the cell to direct and control all activities, including dupliaction into new cells

• functional center of a cell that governs activity and heredity

what is tissue?

• forms whne two or more cells that are similair in structure and function join together

what are the four primary tissues of the body?

• epithelial tissue

• connective

• muscular

• nervous

what is epithelial tissue?

covers the body’s external surface (skin) ad the linnings of the body cavities (mouth, ears, nose and throat)

what is connective tissue?

• provides support

• stores energy

• connects other tissues and parts

• ex: bones, fat, blood, cartilage

what is muscular tissue

• shortens as it contracts

• when attached to bone, contractions make body movement possible

• lines inner walls of organs that contract to help food pass through digestive system

• as cardiac muscle contracts, blood is pumped throught the body

what is nervous tissue?

• located throught the body

• when stimulated carries messages back and forth between the brain and every part of the body

what are organs?

• formed when two or more different types of tissues are grouped together to perform a specific function

what is the brain? what does it do?

• Organ

• primary reciever, organizer and distributor of information in the body

what is a body system?

• group of organs that work together to carry out a particular activity.

how many bones are in the body

206

what are the five main functions of the skeletal system?

1. give the body shape and support

2. allow movement

3. protect vital organs

4. produce blood cells

5. store calcium

what are most bones made from?

cartilage

what is the process called where cartilage is sometimes replaced by bone?

ossification

what is ossificatioon?

cartilage being replaced by bone

what is the purpose of cartilage?

• supporting body structures such as the ears and nose

• connecting the ribs to the sternum

• serving as a cushion between bones to prevent them from rubbing together at junctures and joints

what are gliding joints?

• allow the head to lower as the vertebrae (bones in the spinal colum) of the neck slide over one another

what are ball and socket joints?

• allow movements like swinging one’s arm in a circle

• consist of a bone with a rounded head that fits inot a rounded cup of another bone (hipe and shoulders)

what is a pivot joint?

• allow a turning motion such as the palm of the hand rotating from up to down

what is a hinge joint?

• allow backward and forward bending motions like a door hinge (knees, knuckles and elbows)

what is a joint?

where two bones meet

what is the overal covering or lining of a joint called?

synovial membrane

where does synovial fluid come from? what does it do?

• the synovial membrane

• lubricates joint surfaces

what is a tendon

a cord of fibrous tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

what is a ligament

a band of connective tissue that connects a bone to another bone

what is cartilage

a type of flexible connective tissues

what is fascia?

a bad or sheet oc fibrous connective tissue

what is a trigger finger release

making a small incision in the palm, then cutting the tendon sheath tunnel to widen it and allow the tendon to slide through it more easily

what is a tibial osteotomy

procedure to realign the knee by wedging open the upper shin bone (tibia) to reconfigure the knee joint. The weight bearing part of the kee is shifted from degenerative or worn tissue onto healthier tissue

what are skeletal muscles

attached to bones by tendons. As skeletal muscles contract, the arms legs head or other body parts to which they are attached move. Skeletal muscles are consciously controlled; tey move only when we want them to move

what are smooth muscles

oragznied into thin, flat sheets of tissue. Smooth muscles are called involuntary or visceral muscles because they contract and function without concsious control.

what is a fasciotomy

making an incision into the fibrous membrane covering a muscle, usually to reliev pressure from an injured or swollen muscle

what is a herniorrhaphy

repairing a cavity wall or muscle layer that is allowing all or part of an ogran to project throught the organ

what is a rotator cuff repair

repairing the muscles and ligaents of shoulder joints. Frequently used methods are the Bankart, Putti-Platt, and Bistow procedures.

what is a tendon repair

retrieves a torn tendon and reattaches it to soft tissue or bone wiht either a small incision or arthroscopic techniques

what is the central nervous system (CNS)?

the part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

what is the PNS or the peripheral nervous system

all nerve tissue outside the CNS

what is the cerebrum

the largest part of the brain. It controls mental activites and movement

what is the cerebellum

the second largest part of the brain it controls muscle coordination, body balance and posture

what is the brain stem

contrls many automatic body functions such as hearbeat and breathing

what is peristalsis

the rippling motion of muscles int eh digestive tract that mixes food with gastric jusices to form a thin liquid

Anatomy definiton

the study of the structure and relationships between body parts

Physiology definition

the study of the functions fo body parts and the body as a whole

what is unilateral

involving one side of the body

what is bilateral in anatomical position

involving both sides of the body

what is ipsilateral

on the sae side of the body

what is contralateral

on opposite sides of the body

what is the longitudinal plane?

any plane perpendicular to the transverse plane for example the sagittal and coronal plane

what is an oblique plane

• any plane that is not horizontal or vertical

• any plane that is not ina ny of the sagitta, coronal or transverse planes

• oblique=odd

what is a cell wall what orgnasims can it be found in

• similair to a brick wall

• plant cell

• gives structure and support

• the cell wall preveents the cell wall from bursting when the plant absorbs ater

what is the nucleus

• control center of the cell

  • DNA insice of nucleus determines everything about the cell

what is a vacuole

• storage tank for water in cell

where can chloroplast be found?

• only found in plant cells

• location of photosynthesis

what is the mitochondria

• organelle that takes nutrients and breaks them down to create energy in the process of cellular respiration

• makes energy

what are the five most important organs in the human body

1. stomach

2. liver

3. lungs

4. heart

5. brain

what does the stomach do

• breaks down food through enzymes and secreted acis

• contracts to enhance digestion

what does the liver do

• largest detoxifier and drug metabolizer of your body

• secretes bile, which helps us digest fats

• also involved in making proteins imporant for blood clotting

what do lungs do

• help take oxygen from the air into your body

• lungs allow your body to get rid of carbon dioxide

what dose the heart do

• pumps blood to the entire body

• allows for cell to be supplied with important nutrients and oxygen

what does the brain do

• recieves and interprets information from your body and surrondings

• interprets unputs such as odors, light, sounds and pain

• also helps with breathing and maintaining blood pressure

what does the circulatroy system do

transports blood throught the body

consists of the heart and blood vessels called veins, arteries, and capilarries

what is the respiratory system

assists the air entering the lungs and oxygen dissugin into the blood

starts with air entering the nose and mouth and traveling through the larynx and pharynx to the trachea and bronhi, carrying oxygen to the alveolit where oxygen enteres the blood

what does the digestive system do

• processes food, allowign the body to absorb nutrients and elminate wast. Consists of the mouth, stomach, and the intestines

what is the excretory system

• eleminates liquid wast in the form of urine. Kidneys filter blood and produce urin which leaves the body through the urinary tract

what kinds of movements are found at hinge and ball and socket joints

• flexion

• extension

what joints can perform adduction and abduction

ball and socket joints

what joints cand perofmr cirumduction and movement rotation

ball and socket joints

what makes up a bone?

Consists of 2 materials: Compact/Cortical Bone (Hard outer material) and Cancellous Bone (Inner section aka Spongy). Bones are filled with marrow. Marrow is a pipeline of blood vessels and nerves through the middle of the thick bone

what is the brain stem

controls many autmatic body functions, such as heartbeat and breathing

what is peristalsis?

the rippling motion of muscles in the digestive tract that mixes food with gastric juices to form a thin liquid

what is the white part of the eye called?

• sclera

• protects interior structures

what is the choroid

The middle layer of the eye that furnishes nourishment to the eye via blood vessels. This area includes the iris and pupil.

what is the iris

• colored portion of the eye

where is the pupil located

in the center of the iris

what does the pupil do?

controls amount of light that enters the ey by narrowing and widening

where is the aqueous humor?

a watery like fluid, between the cornea and eye lens in the front of the eye

what is the retina?

• delicate membrane of nervous tissue containing photoreceptor cells

• cell rods and cones translate light into nervous signals which are then carried by the optic nerve to the brain which interprets them to form visual images

what does the outer ear do

• funnel that gathers sounds waes and passes through the ear canal to the tympanic membrane (ear drum)

what is the middle ear?

• vibrations enter through

• compromised of three tiny bones, malleus, incus, and stapes

• vibrations pass through these bones into the inner ear

what is the inner ear

• cochlea - spiral shaped tube that contains nerve endings that transmit nerve impluses to the brain

• contains three curved tubes filled with fluid

  • tubes help regulate body balance and body movement

what do hormones control and regulate

• reproduction

• metabolism and energy balance

• growth and developmetn

• body defenses

• general homeostasis including water, nutrient and electrolyte balance of the blood

what are cascades

• hormones that run through you no matter the situation

what is a gland

any structure that makes and secrets hormones

examples of glands

• pituatary

• pancreas

• gonads

• placenta

• hypothalamus

can a hormone trigger a reaction in any cell?

no

can a hormone only trigger a reaction in a specific cell?

yes

what cells can hormones trigger a reaction in

target cells

what does the thyroid do?

• produces thyroxine

• stiumlates metaboism adn binds to reeptors in most fo the cells in your body

what does the pitutary gland do

• produces many hormones including follicle-stimulating hormones

• helps regulate gworth and trigger sexual maturity

what happens when a target cell is activated

alters its activity by either increasing or decreasing some of its functions

what is insulin

a hormone that reduces the level fo sugar in the blood