AP World- Pages 46, 47, 48

gestapo

Nazi Germany’s secret police used by Hitler to maintain power, eliminate opposition, and silence rivals like communists

Hitler

Totalitarian dictator of Germany (1933–1945) who led the Nazi Party, started WWII by invading Poland, and orchestrated the Holocaust

Russo

Japanese War

Japan’s victory weakened Russia and helped spark unrest leading to the Russian Revolution

Balkan Wars

(1912–1913) conflicts where Balkan states fought the Ottoman Empire and then each other, increasing tensions that helped cause WWI

Black Shirts

Mussolini’s fascist paramilitary group used to intimidate opponents and enforce his rule in Italy

Stalin

Dictator of the USSR after Lenin who used collectivization, purges, and gulags to maintain totalitarian control

Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia who abdicated during the 1917 revolution after poor leadership in wars and domestic unrest

land

Part of Lenin’s slogan “peace, land, bread,” promising redistribution of land to peasants

Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks who led the 1917 Russian Revolution and established the communist USSR

profit

Farmers increased production after WWI but falling prices (deflation) reduced their profits, worsening the Great Depression

gulags

Soviet forced labor camps under Stalin where millions of prisoners suffered harsh conditions and many died

Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy who created a totalitarian state and aimed to restore Roman Empire glory

New Economic Policy

Lenin’s 1921 policy allowing limited capitalism to boost production by letting farmers sell surplus goods

peace

Part of Lenin’s slogan promising to end Russia’s involvement in WWI

Bolsheviks

Marxist revolutionary group led by Lenin that seized power in 1917 and created the USSR

concentration camps

Nazi camps used for forced labor and mass extermination of Jews and other targeted groups

Schutzstaffel (S.S.)

Elite Nazi paramilitary force responsible for security, terror, and carrying out the Holocaust

competition

Pre

Duma

Russian representative assembly created after 1905 to share limited power with the Tsar

Night of Long Knives

1934 purge where Hitler eliminated political enemies to secure control

bread

Part of Lenin’s slogan promising food for workers during famine

USSR / Soviet Union

Communist state formed after the 1917 revolution, led by Lenin then Stalin

Keynesian

Economic theory by John Keynes promoting government spending to increase demand during economic crises

Nazi Germany

Fascist state under Hitler marked by nationalism, anti

Arab Revolt

1916 uprising by Arabs against the Ottoman Empire with British support in WWI

The New Deal

FDR’s programs using government spending and jobs to combat the Great Depression

WWI production

Overproduction after WWI led to falling demand and prices, contributing to the Great Depression

anti

communist

military spending

Massive government spending on armed forces, especially during WWII, boosting economies

Assembly Line

Mass production method that increased efficiency but contributed to overproduction and unemployment

banking system

Bank failures during the Great Depression caused widespread loss of savings and economic collapse

Autobahn

German highway system built under Hitler as part of infrastructure and economic recovery efforts

The United States

Experienced the Great Depression, implemented the New Deal, and played a major role in WWII including defeating Japan

margin buying

Buying stocks with borrowed money, which inflated prices and contributed to the 1929 crash

Adolf Hitler

Nazi leader who established a dictatorship, started WWII, and led the Holocaust

infrastructure projects

Government

credit

Borrowing money to buy goods or stocks, which worsened the financial collapse when debts couldn’t be repaid

Roaring 20s

Period of economic growth and cultural change in the U.S. before the Great Depression

speculation buying

Risky investment based on expected price increases, contributing to the stock market crash

demand

side

governments later increased demand to recover

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

U.S. president who created the New Deal and led the country through the Great Depression and WWII

John Keynes

Economist who developed Keynesian theory supporting government intervention

nationalistic

Strong pride in one’s nation, often seen in fascist regimes like Germany and Italy

Hoover Dam

New Deal

Social Security

Government program providing financial support to retirees and others, created under the New Deal

Republicans

Leftist government in the Spanish Civil War supported by the USSR

Nanjing

Site of a 1937 Japanese massacre of Chinese civilians during WWII

Non

Aggression Pact

Appeasement

Policy of giving in to demands (like Hitler’s) to avoid conflict

Poland

Country invaded by Germany in 1939, starting WWII

Pablo Picasso

Artist who painted Guernica to protest war and fascism

United Kingdom

Allied power that resisted Germany, used radar, and helped win WWII

Sudetenland

Region of Czechoslovakia given to Hitler in the Munich Agreement

Guernica

Spanish city bombed by Nazis, later depicted in Picasso’s anti

increased taxes

FDR raised taxes in 1937, contributing to another economic downturn

Munich Agreement

1938 agreement allowing Hitler to take Sudetenland in an attempt to avoid war

Nationalists

Fascist forces in the Spanish Civil War led by Franco and supported by Nazi Germany

Italy

Fascist state under Mussolini that used propaganda and force to control citizens

Gypsies

Romani people targeted and killed by Nazis during the Holocaust

Austria

Annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938 as part of Hitler’s expansion

Pan

Germanism

Civilian Conservation Corps.

New Deal program providing jobs through environmental and infrastructure projects

France

Country invaded by Germany in WWII and later liberated by Allied forces

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader who won the Spanish Civil War and ruled Spain

Japan

Imperial power that expanded in Asia, attacked Pearl Harbor, and fought the U.S. in WWII

Jews

Primary victims of the Holocaust, with about 6 million killed by Nazi Germany

Stalingrad

Major WWII battle where the Soviet Union defeated Germany, turning the tide of the war

Auschwitz

Largest Nazi extermination camp where over a million people were killed

Radar

Technology used by Allies to detect incoming enemy aircraft

Midway

1942 naval battle where the U.S. defeated Japan, shifting the Pacific war

Treblinka

Nazi death camp where hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed

D

Day

Operation Barbarossa

Germany’s 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, which ultimately failed

Slavs

Eastern European groups targeted by Nazis for extermination or enslavement

blitzkrieg

Fast German military strategy using air and ground forces for quick victories

firebombing

Aerial bombing using incendiary weapons to destroy cities

sonar

Technology used to detect submarines underwater during WWI