Samples

Urine

Fluid produced by the kidneys through filtration of blood, containing water, urea, inorganic salts, and metabolic waste products.

Common diseases tested in urine samples

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), Diabetes Mellitus, Kidney Diseases, Glomerulonephritis, Preeclampsia.

Stool (Feces)

Solid or semisolid waste remaining after food is digested and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.

Common diseases tested in stool samples

Gastrointestinal infections, Colorectal Cancer (Occult Blood), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).

Sweat

Fluid secreted by sweat glands, containing water, sodium, chloride, and trace amounts of other electrolytes.

Common condition tested in sweat

Cystic Fibrosis.

Pleural Fluid

Fluid found between the layers of the membrane surrounding the lungs.

Common diseases tested in pleural fluid

Pleural Effusion, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Lung Cancer, Heart Failure.

Synovial Fluid

Viscous fluid found in the cavities of the joints to reduce friction during movement.

Common conditions tested in synovial fluid

Septic Arthritis, Gout, Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Saliva

Exocrine secretion from salivary glands containing water, electrolytes, enzymes (amylase), and immunoglobulins.

Common tests related to saliva

Hormonal imbalances (Cortisol testing), Viral Infections (e.g., HIV, SARS-CoV-2), Drug monitoring/screening.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord.

Common conditions tested in CSF

Meningitis, Encephalitis, Multiple Sclerosis, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Peritoneal Fluid

Fluid contained within the cavity surrounding abdominal organs.

Common conditions tested in peritoneal fluid

Inflammation, Cirrhosis/Ascites, Intra-abdominal Cancers, Bowel Perforation.

Amniotic Fluid

Clear, yellowish fluid surrounding the fetus in the amniotic sac during pregnancy.

Common tests related to amniotic fluid

Chromosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome via Amniocentesis), Neural Tube Defects, Fetal Lung Maturity.

Pericardial Fluid

Bodily fluid contained within the sac surrounding the heart.

Common conditions tested in pericardial fluid

Pericarditis, Cardiac Tamponade, Pericardial Effusion (malignant or infectious).

Sputum

Thick mucus or phlegm coughed up from the lower respiratory tract.

Common conditions tested in sputum

Pneumonia, Tuberculosis (TB), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Biopsy

A tissue sample or collection of cells extracted from a living body for microscopic examination.

Common diseases tested in biopsy

Cancers/Tumors, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, Autoimmune disorders.

Semen

Male reproductive fluid containing spermatozoa suspended in seminal plasma rich in nutrients and enzymes.

Common conditions tested in semen

Infertility, Post-Vasectomy Verification, Male Reproductive Tract Infections.

Gastric Juice

Strongly acidic fluid produced by gastric glands, containing hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsinogen, and mucus.

Common conditions tested in gastric juice

Gastritis, Peptic Ulcer Disease, Helicobacter pylori infection.

Cervical / Vaginal Swabs

Cellular and mucosal samples collected from the cervix or vaginal walls.

Common tests related to cervical/vaginal swabs

Cervical Cancer / Precancerous Lesions (Pap Smear), Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Bacterial Vaginosis, Candidiasis, Sexually Transmitted Infections.

Blood

Circulating bodily fluid consisting of plasma and cellular elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).

Common conditions tested in blood samples

Anemia, Infections/Sepsis, Leukemia, Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic and Endocrine disorders, Organ dysfunction (Kidney/Liver).