Samples

Clinical Sample	Description	Common Diseases / Conditions Tested
Urine	Fluid produced by the kidneys through filtration of blood, containing water, urea, inorganic salts, and metabolic waste products.	Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Diabetes Mellitus Kidney Diseases Glomerulonephritis Preeclampsia
Stool (Feces)	Solid or semisolid waste remaining after food is digested and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.	Gastrointestinal infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) Colorectal Cancer (Occult Blood) Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Sweat	Fluid secreted by sweat glands, containing water, sodium, chloride, and trace amounts of other electrolytes.	Cystic Fibrosis
Pleural Fluid	Fluid found between the layers of the membrane surrounding the lungs.	Pleural Effusion Pneumonia Tuberculosis Lung Cancer Heart Failure
Synovial Fluid	Viscous fluid found in the cavities of the joints to reduce friction during movement.	Septic Arthritis Gout Rheumatoid Arthritis
Saliva	Exocrine secretion from salivary glands containing water, electrolytes, enzymes (amylase), and immunoglobulins.	Hormonal imbalances (Cortisol testing) Viral Infections (e.g., HIV, SARS-CoV-2) Drug monitoring/screening
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord.	Meningitis Encephalitis Multiple Sclerosis Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Peritoneal Fluid	Fluid contained within the __ cavity surrounding abdominal organs.	Inflammation Cirrhosis/Ascites Intra-abdominal Cancers Bowel Perforation
Amniotic Fluid	Clear, yellowish fluid surrounding the fetus in the amniotic sac during pregnancy.	Chromosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome via Amniocentesis) Neural Tube Defects Fetal Lung Maturity
Pericardial Fluid	Bodily fluid contained within the sac surrounding the heart.	Pericarditis Cardiac Tamponade Pericardial Effusion (malignant or infectious)
Sputum	Thick mucus or phlegm coughed up from the lower respiratory tract (trachea and bronchi).	Pneumonia Tuberculosis (TB) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Biopsy	A tissue sample or collection of cells extracted from a living body for microscopic examination.	Cancers/Tumors Hepatitis Tuberculosis Autoimmune disorders
Semen	Male reproductive fluid containing spermatozoa suspended in seminal plasma rich in nutrients and enzymes.	Infertility Post-Vasectomy Verification Male Reproductive Tract Infections
Gastric Juice	Strongly acidic fluid produced by gastric glands, containing hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsinogen, and mucus.	Gastritis Peptic Ulcer Disease Helicobacter pylori infection
Cervical / Vaginal Swabs	Cellular and mucosal samples collected from the cervix or vaginal walls.	Cervical Cancer / Precancerous Lesions (Pap Smear) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Bacterial Vaginosis Candidiasis (Yeast infection) Sexually Transmitted Infections (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea)
Blood	Circulating bodily fluid consisting of plasma and cellular elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).	Anemia Infections/Sepsis Leukemia Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic and Endocrine disorders Organ dysfunction (Kidney/Liver)