lab exam 2

What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?

Atria (singular: atrium)

Right and left atrium function

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body)

Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs

Right and left ventricle function

Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to body

What separates the left and right atria?

Interatrial septum

What are the two lower chambers of the heart called?

Ventricles

What separates the left and right ventricles?

Interventricular septum

What separates the atria from the ventricles?

Coronary sulcus (DO NOT confuse with coronary sinus)

What surrounds the heart?

Pericardium

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

Outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium

Where is the heart located?

Mediastinum - 2/3 of the heart is located left to the midline of the trunk

What is the outer layer of the heart wall and what is it made of?

Epicardium (connective tissue)

What is the middle layer of the heart wall and what is it made of?

Myocardium (muscle layer – thickest)

What is the inner layer of the heart wall?

Endocardium (epithelial tissue – smooth lining)

What blood vessels bring deoxygenated blood into the right atrium?

Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, and Coronary sinus

What valve does deoxygenated blood pass through from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve (right AV valve)

What valve does deoxygenated blood pass through from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Which blood vessel goes to the heart? Which goes away from the heart?

Arteries: away from the heart

Veins: back to the heart

What does the pulmonary trunk split into? Where does the blood go?

Left and right pulmonary arteries (they bring deoxygenated blood AWAY from the heart – to the lungs)

What blood vessels bring oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the left atrium?

Right and left pulmonary veins

What valve does oxygenated blood pass through from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

Mitral (bicuspid) valve (left AV valve)

What valve does oxygenated blood pass through from the left ventricle to the aorta?

Aortic semilunar valve

What is the order of blood flow?

Step	Vessel	Blood Content
1	Left side of heart	Oxygenated (O₂)
2	Arteries	O₂
3	Arterioles	O₂
4	Capillaries (exchange occurs)	O₂ leaves, CO₂ enters
5	Venules	CO₂
6	Veins	CO₂
7	Right side of heart	Deoxygenated (CO₂)

What is the pacemaker of the heart (initiates the heartbeat)? Where is it located?

Sinoatrial (SA) node (located in the right atrium)

What receives the impulse after the SA node?

Atrioventricular (AV) node

What receives the impulse after the AV node?

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

What happens after the signal reaches the Bundle of His?

The bundle splits into left and right bundle branches

What receives the impulse after the bundle branches?

Purkinje fibers (distribute impulse throughout ventricles)

What are elastic (conducting) arteries? Give examples.

Large arteries that propel blood; act as a pressure reservoir (accommodate surge of blood)

e.g., aorta, subclavian, iliacs

What are muscular (distributing) arteries? Give examples.

Medium size arteries for greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation; distribute blood to specific areas

e.g., brachials, mesenterics

What is the smallest type of artery and its function?

Arterioles (deliver blood to capillaries)

What is the pulse?

The alternate expansion and recoil of elastic arteries after each systole (contraction) of the left ventricle (traveling pressure wave)

what is a normal pulse rate?

75 bpm or 70-80 bpm

What is the first sound heard when taking blood pressure?

Systolic blood pressure (contraction)

What is the last sound heard when taking blood pressure?

Diastolic blood pressure (relaxation)

What is the average blood pressure for males and females?

120/80 mmHg for males

110/70 mmHg for females

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

Systolic – Diastolic (subtract bottom number from top number)

What is the normal pulse pressure?

40 mmHg

What does supraspinatus do?

Initiates abduction of the humerus (first 15°), then deltoid takes over

What do infraspinatus and teres minor do?

Laterally (externally) rotate the humerus

What does subscapularis do?

Medially (internally) rotates the humerus

What does teres major do?

Medially rotates the humerus (but it is NOT part of the rotator cuff)

What muscles flex the forearm (arm)?

Biceps brachii and Brachialis

What muscle extends the arm and forearm?

Triceps brachii

What muscle only extends the forearm (not the arm)?

Anconeus

What muscle turns the head to the opposite side when one contracts?

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

What happens when both SCM muscles contract?

Flexes the head (neck flexion)

What muscle elevates and retracts the scapula?

Trapezius

What muscles flex the wrist?

Flexor carpi radialis and Flexor carpi ulnaris

What muscles extend the wrist?

Extensor carpi radialis (longus & brevis) and Extensor carpi ulnaris

What muscles flex the fingers (middle phalanges)?

Flexor digitorum superficialis

What muscles flex the distal phalanges of the fingers?

Flexor digitorum profundus

What muscle extends the little finger?

Extensor digiti minimi

What muscle extends the index finger?

Extensor indicis

What word signifies that a muscle moves the thumb?

Pollicis

What muscle extends the trunk?

Quadratus lumborum

What muscle flexes the thigh at the hip?

Iliacus and Psoas major (iliopsoas)

What muscle abducts the thigh at the hip?

Tensor fasciae latae (TFL), Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus

What muscles adduct the thigh at the hip?

Adductor longus, Adductor brevis, Adductor magnus, and Gracilis

What muscles extend the leg at the knee?

Quadriceps femoris group: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis

What muscles flex the leg at the knee?

Hamstrings: Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus

What muscle dorsiflexes the foot?

Tibialis anterior

What muscles plantar flex the foot?

Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris

What muscles evert the foot?

Fibularis (peroneus) longus and Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

What muscle inverts the foot?

Tibialis anterior