Chemicals of Life
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34 Terms
What cells mainly make up the brain
neurons
what is a gene
segments of DNA containing instructions to make a specific protein
where are genes found
on chromosomes in the nucleus
what is gene expression
process of making proteins from DNA
what is transcription
copying DNA into RNA
what is translation
using RNA to produce proteins
why are proteins important in cells
they perform most cellular functions
what do enzymes do
speed up biochemical reactions
what are hormones
chemical messengers in the body
give examples of structural proteins in neurons
receptors and membrane channels
what is cytoplasm
watery fluid inside the cell
what is extracellular space
fluid outside the cell
what separates inside and outside of a neuron
lipid cell membrane
what are ions
charged particles dissolved in fluid
Example of ions formed from salt (NaCl)
Na+ and Cl-
what does the neuronal membrane do
controls movement of substances in and out
how do ions cross the membrane
through pumps or channel proteins
how do ions move through open channels
from high to low concentration
what is the resting charge of a neuron
inside negative, outside positive
why are neurons electrically active
unequal ion distribution creates charge differences
how are electrical impulses generated
by movement of ions across the membrane
what is an axon
long extension carrying signals away from cell body
what is myelin
fatting insulation around axons
what does myelin do
speeds signal transmission
what is a synapse
junction where one neuron communicates with another cell
what are neurotransmitters
chemicals released to send signals across synapses
acetylcholine is important for what
motor synapses/muscle movement
serotonin is linked to what treatments
antidepressants
dopamine is strongly linked to what
reward and addiction
GABA is mainly what type of neurotransmitter
inhibitory
what are receptors
proteins that detect neurotransmitters
why are receptors important clinically
many drugs act on them
what determines a neuron’s electrical activity
ion balance across its membrane
why are neurons specialised cells
they are adapted to send and receive electrical signals