Information and Communication Technology (Classes Nine and Ten)

A set of traditional vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, historical figures, and technical concepts found in the Bangladesh NCTB ICT textbook for Classes 9 and 10.

21st Century Wealth

The concept that the real asset of the modern world is knowledge, rather than agriculture, mineral resources, energy, or industry.

Charles Babbage

An English engineer and mathematician regarded as the father of the modern computer who developed the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine.

Ada Lovelace

The daughter of poet Lord Byron, recognized as the pioneer of the programming concept for her algorithm-based ideas for Babbage's analytical engine.

James Clerk Maxwell

Scientist who put forth the theory of Electromagnetic Force, enabling the possibility of sending wireless messages.

Jagadish Chandra Bose

Bengali scientist who first successfully sent wireless messages using microwave in $1895$, although his work was not initially recognized.

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian scientist acknowledged as the inventor of radio for succeeding in sending wireless messages using radiowave.

Raymond Samuel Tomlinson

American programmer who introduced the first electronic mail communication through ARPANET in $1971$.

Steve Jobs

Co-founder of Apple Computer on April $1$, $1976$, which played a leading role in the development of personal computers.

Bill Gates

Founder of Microsoft who developed the Operating System software (MS DOS and Windows) used by most computers worldwide.

Timothy John Berners Lee

British computer scientist who invented the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http).

Mark Zuckerberg

Primary pioneer behind the creation of the social networking system Facebook while a student at Harvard University.

E-learning

Electronic learning; a teaching process utilizing CD-ROM, the Internet, personal networks, and TV channels to supplement traditional classroom learning.

E-governance

The application of electronic or digital methods in government administration to ensure transparency, accountability, and accessibility for citizens.

E-service

Providing government and non-government services through electronic systems, such as the internet or mobile phones, for low cost and high speed.

E-permit

A digital permission system for sugar cane farmers in Bangladesh to supply sugar canes at a fixed time, delivered via SMS.

Electronic Money Transfer System (MTS)

A postal service in Bangladesh allowing the transfer of up to BDT $50,000$ in one minute.

Telemedicine

A health service where patients in remote areas obtain medical advice from specialists at district hospitals via mobile phones or digital networks.

E-commerce

The process of purchasing and selling goods or services through an electronic medium or the internet.

Social Networking

Interaction among people through virtual communication and networking platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

Bangabandhu Satellite-1

Bangladesh's first satellite launched into space on May $12$, $2018$, making the country the $57th$ state in the world to have its own satellite.

Preventive Maintenance

Precautionary measures taken before a computer fault arises, such as virus scanning, disk cleaning, and software updates.

Corrective Maintenance

Repairing or replacing computer components after a fault has occurred to make the device operational again.

Hacker

A person who accesses or takes control of a website or computer network without permission.

White Hat Hackers

Legitimate hackers hired by organizations to test the security of their systems without causing harm.

Black Hat Hackers (Crackers)

Illegal hackers who use networks to steal or destroy data and find vulnerabilities in software systems.

Brute Force Attack

A cyber attack method where an attacker systematically tries all possible combinations of passwords or encryption keys to gain unauthorized access.

Data Interception

The illegal theft of digital information while it is being exchanged between a sender and a receiver.

Encryption

The process of encoding information with a unique code to prevent unauthorized individuals from reading or understanding it.

DDoS Attack

Distributed Denial of Service; an attack using multiple devices to flood a website with traffic, causing it to slow down or crash.

Malware

Malicious Software designed to intentionally harm digital systems, including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and ransomware.

Cyber Bullying

The act of repeatedly harming or humiliating someone mentally using online platforms or social media.

Fake News

False or misleading information presented as news, intentionally spread to deceive the public or influence opinions.

2FA (Two Factor Authentication)

A security strategy requiring two forms of identification, such as a password and a one-time code (OTP), to access an account.

Software Piracy

The illegal copying or editing of computer software, graphics, or animation without the consent of the copyright holder.

Right to Information Act-2009

A law in Bangladesh ensuring citizens the right to obtain information from government and authorized organizations to increase transparency.

Digital Content

Any content preserved or exchanged as digital data, including text, images, audio, and video.

E-book

The electronic format of a printed book that can be read on computers or specialized devices like the Kindle.

Web Portal

A collection of links, content, and services within a website presented simply for user information.

URL

Uniform Resources Locator; the complete address of a web site or page.

Search Engine

A software tool, such as Google or Bing, used to find information from the World Wide Web.

Word Processor

Application software used for writing, editing, and formatting documents electronically.

Spreadsheet

An interactive computer application used for organizing, analyzing, and storing data in tabular forms.

Multimedia

The integration of multiple forms of media, such as text, graphics, audio, video, and animation.

PowerPoint

A popular presentation software from Microsoft used to present information attractively using slides.

Pixel

The smallest square unit of a digital image.

Resolution

The number of pixels per square inch (e.g., $72 \times 72$ pixels) used to define image clarity.

Layer (Photoshop)

Individual transparent levels on a digital canvas used to keep different parts of a project separate for independent editing.

Path (Illustrator)

The outline or linear shape of an object in vector-based graphics software like Adobe Illustrator.

Programming Language

A set of specific rules used to write instructions that a computer can convert into a form it understands.

Machine Code

Binary code consisting of $0$ and $1$ that a computer's processor can understand directly.

Compiler

A translator program that converts all instructions of a high-level programming language into machine code at once.

Interpreter

A translator program that converts programming instructions into machine code sequentially, one by one.

Variable

A named storage location or box in a program used to store data that can change during execution.

Type Casting

The process of changing the data type of a variable, such as converting a string to an integer ($\text{int()}$).

Loop

A control statement used to repeat a specific task or set of instructions multiple times within a program.