Material deprivation

Rich-poor gap

• Now greatrer than has been at any time since WW2

Relative poverty threshold

• 60% of median income

Absolute poverty threshold

• £1.40/day

  • £511/year

2011-12 — % of people living in poverty in 🇬🇧

20%

2011-12 — number of adults living in poverty in 🇬🇧

8.1m

2011-12 — number of children living in poverty in 🇬🇧

4.2m

2011-12 — number of pensioners living in poverty in 🇬🇧

2.1m

2011-12 — % of children living in poverty in The Gorbles

82%

2010 — 🇬🇧 ranking by UNICEF for child poverty

• 18/22

  • Above: 🇮🇹, 🇭🇺, 🇸🇰

2011 — % expected rise in child poverty over next 3 years

11%

Single parents -x more likely to skip meals than together parents

2x

🇬🇧 children and escaping poverty

• Lowest chance out of 12 countries

Bull (1980)

• ‘The cost of free schooling’

  • Inability to afford transport, equipment or clothes

Tanner et al (2003) — extra costs

• Extra costs huge burden for poor families

Flaherty — % of families that don’t take up FSM entitlement

20%

Ridge — work

• W/C children have to work during their schooling to afford equipment etc.

Smith and Noble (1995) — educational inequalities

• W/C students cannot afford private tuition

• Also go to worse schools

  • Leads to exaccerbation of educational inequalities

Callender and Jackson (2005) — W/C students -x less likely to go to Uni

• 5x

  • Due to fear of debt and other expenses

% of low-income families that turn the heating off in the winter to save money

60%

2019 — % FSM-eligible students that achieved an average of a 4 (or above) in Maths and English

51%

2019 — % all students that achieved an average of a 4 (or above) in Maths and English

77%

% of truants that leave school with no qualifications

33%

Low-income parents -x more likely to split up

• 2x

• Further exacerbates financial strain

Extra cost to poor families in credit interest and one-time usage fuel charges

£1,280/year

Howard (2001) — nutrition

• W/C children have worse nutrition due to lack of disposable income to spend on nutritious, non-packaged food

% of low-income families that report skipping meals

20%

Blanden and Machin (2007) — behaviours

• W/C students have more externalising behaviours like tantrums

Wilkinson (1996) — behaviours

• W/C students more likely to suffer from hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders

Poor children -x more likely to suffer chronic illness

2.5x

% of children with asthma from the poorest 10% of families

47%

Poor children -x less likely to have access to a safe outdoor play space

5x

Living in damp accomodation increases risk of nausea and vomiting by -x

2x

% of children living in damp flats that suffer breathing problems

85%

5 problems faced more by W/C children

1. Exclusion

2. Truancy

3. Overcrowding

4. Temporary accomodation

5. Poor housing

Ucas (2012) — % fall in 🇬🇧 applicants to Uni after fees raised to £9,000

8.6%

Dropout rate at London Metropolitan (largely W/C intake)

18.6%

Dropout rate at Oxford (largely M/C intake)

1.2%

National Audit Office (2002) — W/C -x more time spent in paid work to reduce debts

2x

Whitty and Mortimore (1997)

• Material inequalities have the greatest effect on achievement

Robinson (1997)

• Most effective way to boost achievement = tackling child poverty

Waldfogel and Washbrook

• Poverty impacts development

Halsey, Heath and Ridge

• MD impacts learning environment and access to educational resources