basics for bio exam day 1

prokaryote traits

small, single cells, simple internal structure, circular chromosome of naked dna

eukaryote traits

plant and animal cells, larger, more complex

difference between eukaryote and prokaryote

eukaryote have membrane-bound nucleus and specialized organelles while prokaryote does not

how does prokaryote reproduce

through binary fission- The single parent cell simply copies its genetic material and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells

how do eukayote reproduce

asexually through mitosis( cloning), sexually through meiosis and fertilization.

cytoplasm

gelatin-like material inside the cell

constantly flows and contains all organelles, and most chemical reaction happen.

CELL MEMBRANE

Outer covering, protective layer around all cells

For cells with cell walls, the cell membrane is inside the cell wall

Allows food, oxygen, water and other materials into the cell & waste products out of the cell.

cell wall

protects the plant cell

gives shape

found in plants, algae, fungi, & most bacteria

NUCLEUS

Directs all cell activities by communicating with the cytoplasm

Contains instructions (found in DNA) for everything the cell does

Usually the largest organelle

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration

Produces energy by breaking down glucose and O2 into CO2 and H2O.

Often called the powerhouse of the cell because they produce energy.

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosomes

linking with the cell membrane and other membranous organelles.

Called 'rough' because it has ribosomes attached, which are the site of protein synthesis.

Protein synthesis is the process of creating proteins from DNA

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

linking with the cell membrane and other membranous organelles but do not have ribosomes attached. Responsible for the synthesis and transport of carbohydrates, lipids and steroids

Golgi apparatus

after protiens are made at the ribosomes during protiens sythesis, they are

modify

package

transported

Lysosomes

The purpose is to break down/digest macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids)

Also breaks down excess and worn-out cell parts.

May be used to destroy invading bacteria and viruses

Vacuoles

Temporary storage spaces for food, water, waste, and enzymes

Plant cells have large numbers

If present in animals, usually small

Chloroplasts

•Green organelles found in plant cells

•The site of photosynthesis.

•Contain a fluid matrix (stroma) and stacks of flattened membranous discs (grana).