World Cultures
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87 Terms
What is mercantilism?
An economic system where a nation tries to become self-sufficient, export more than it imports, and use colonies for raw materials and markets.
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of people, plants, animals, diseases, products, and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
What motivated the Age of Exploration?
Wealth, trade, spreading Christianity, and competition among European nations.
Which countries dominated the early Age of Exploration?
Spain and Portugal.
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?
An agreement that divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.
Which civilization did the Spanish conquer in Mexico?
The Aztec Empire.
Which civilization did the Spanish conquer in South America?
The Inca Empire.
How did Europeans benefit from the Age of Exploration?
They gained wealth, land, and trade opportunities.
How were Native Americans affected by the Age of Exploration?
They suffered disease, conquest, and population decline.
How were Africans affected by the Age of Exploration?
Many were forced into slavery through the Atlantic Slave Trade.
What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?
The forced movement of enslaved Africans to the Americas.
What was the encomienda system?
A Spanish labor system that forced Indigenous people to work for Spanish landowners.
What is an absolute monarchy?
A government in which the monarch has total power.
What powers did absolute monarchs possess?
Control of government, military, taxes, and foreign policy.
What was the Divine Right of Kings?
The belief that monarchs received their authority directly from God.
Who was Philip II?
The king of Spain who strengthened royal power and expanded Spanish influence.
How did Philip II strengthen Spain?
He used colonial wealth to support the monarchy and military.
Who was Louis XIV?
The French king known as the “Sun King.”
What famous statement is associated with Louis XIV?
“I am the state.”
What palace symbolized Louis XIV’s power?
Versailles.
What economic policy did Louis XIV support?
Mercantilism.
What was the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)?
The treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War.
Why was the Treaty of Westphalia significant?
It weakened the Holy Roman Empire.
What empire did the Habsburgs try to strengthen after the Holy Roman Empire weakened?
The Austrian Empire.
Which family became absolute monarchs in Prussia?
The Hohenzollern family.
Who was Peter the Great?
A Russian ruler who expanded and modernized Russia.
What did Peter the Great try to do to Russia?
Westernize and modernize it.
What geographic goal did Russian rulers seek throughout history?
Access to warm-water ports.
What was the Glorious Revolution?
A revolution that limited the power of the English monarch and strengthened Parliament.
What type of government emerged in England after the Glorious Revolution?
A constitutional monarchy.
What were the main characteristics of the Enlightenment?
Reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty.
How were the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment similar?
Both emphasized reason and questioning traditional authority.
Who was Thomas Hobbes?
An Enlightenment thinker who believed people were naturally selfish.
What type of government did Hobbes support?
Absolute monarchy.
Who was John Locke?
An Enlightenment thinker who believed people had natural rights.
What natural rights did Locke identify?
Life, liberty, and property.
What type of government did Locke support?
Limited government.
What is Social Contract Theory?
The idea that government exists because people agree to give it authority.
What is the State of Nature?
Life before government existed.
What type of government did Rousseau support?
Direct democracy.
What type of government did Voltaire support?
An enlightened ruler who protected freedoms.
What type of government did Montesquieu support?
A government with separated powers.
What was Montesquieu known for?
The idea of separation of powers.
What was Voltaire known for?
Supporting religious tolerance and freedom of speech.
What were the main causes of the French Revolution?
Economic problems, inequality, debt, and Enlightenment ideas.
What was the Estates-General?
An assembly representing the three estates of France.
What movement inspired the French Revolution?
The Enlightenment.
What was the overall theme of the French Revolution?
Liberty, equality, and ending absolute monarchy.
What was the order of the legislative bodies during the French Revolution?
Estates-General, National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention, Directory.
Who was Maximilien Robespierre?
The leader associated with the Reign of Terror.
What was the Reign of Terror?
A period of mass arrests and executions during the French Revolution.
Which political group was responsible for the Reign of Terror?
The Jacobins.
Why did many French people support Napoleon?
They wanted order, stability, and strong leadership.
How did Napoleon gain power?
Through military success and a political takeover.
How did Napoleon provide stability to France?
Through government, education, economic reforms, and a legal code.
What was the Concordat of 1801?
An agreement that restored relations between France and the Catholic Church.
What were the main features of the Napoleonic Code?
Equality before the law, merit-based advancement, and protection of property.
What was the purpose of Napoleon’s Continental System?
To weaken Britain through an economic blockade.
Why did the Continental System fail?
Countries continued trading with Britain.
What were the consequences of Napoleon’s conquests?
Revolutionary ideas and nationalism spread throughout Europe.
How did Napoleon promote nationalism outside France?
Conquered peoples united against French rule.
Why did Napoleon’s invasion of Russia fail?
Harsh winter, long distances, starvation, and scorched-earth tactics.
What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna?
To restore stability, balance of power, and prevent future revolutions.
What influenced independence movements in Latin America?
The Enlightenment, American Revolution, and French Revolution.
What is nationalism?
Pride and loyalty to one’s nation and the belief that national groups should govern themselves.
How does nationalism differ from patriotism?
Patriotism is pride in a country; nationalism emphasizes self-rule for a national group.
What is Realpolitik?
Politics based on practical goals rather than ideals.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
England had resources, capital, labor, and technology.
What is communism?
A system in which property and resources are commonly owned.
What is capitalism?
An economic system based on private ownership and free markets.
What is laissez-faire capitalism?
Capitalism with little or no government involvement.
What were positive effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Increased production, jobs, and improved transportation.
What were negative effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Poor working conditions, child labor, pollution, and overcrowded cities.
What motivated imperialism?
Resources, markets, national pride, Christianity, and Social Darwinism.
What is Social Darwinism?
The belief that stronger nations naturally dominate weaker ones.
What was the White Man’s Burden?
The belief that Europeans had a duty to civilize other peoples.
What was the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885?
A meeting where European nations divided Africa without African participation.
Who was Cecil Rhodes?
A British imperialist in southern Africa.
What was an effect of the partition of Africa?
Artificial borders divided ethnic groups.
How was the British Raj governed?
Through direct British rule in India.
What was the Sepoy Mutiny?
A major rebellion against British rule in India.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
A Chinese uprising against foreign influence.
How did the United States acquire Hawaii?
Through American influence that led to annexation.
What were the Opium Wars?
Conflicts between Britain and China over trade.
Why did European nations establish spheres of influence in China?
To gain special economic privileges.
What was the difference between the British East India Company and the British Raj?
The East India Company was private company rule; the British Raj was direct British government rule.
What were the consequences of European imperialism?
Resource exploitation, loss of local control, spread of Western culture and technology, and long-term political and ethnic conflicts.