TISSUES AND THE PRIMARY GROWTH OF STEMS

Parenchyma

site of synthesis for many plant secondary metabolites

Collenchyma

flexible support

Sclerenchyma

thick secondary support walls, support fibers from stems

Nodes

are where leaves and buds attack

Internodes

are the stem segments between nodes

Epidermis

the outer protective layer

Cortex

region of ground tissues beneath epidermis

Vascular Bundles

contain xylem and phloem for transport

Primary Growth

increases the length of a plant

Vascular Cambium

produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Cork Cambium

produces the periderm

Periderm

the protective outerlayer of back

Annual Rings

represents one year of growth

Heart Wood

older non-functional xylem at the center of trunk

Sapwood

younger functional xylem that transports water and minerals

Taxol

powerful chemotherapy drugs extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew tree

Vascular Cambium

produces the secondary xylem and phloem

Xylem and Phloem

transport tissues

Roots

anchorage, absorption of water and nutrients

Epidermis

outermost layer, often with root hairs that greatly increase the surface area for absorption

Cortex

large region inside the epidermis for storage

Vascular Cylinder

central core containing the xylem and phloem for transportS

Storage Roots

for storing carbohydrates

Aerial Roots

for clinging to surfaces or absorbing moisture from air

Pneumatophores

“breathing roots”

Pneumatophores

grow upward from waterlogged soil to obtain oxygen

Haustoria

found in parasitic plants to pent rate host tissues and absorb nutrients

Ginseng

its storage roots is the source of ginsenosides

Ipecac

the roots contain emetine

Rauvolfia serpentina

roots contain reserpine

Root Hairs

increase the surface area for absorption

Leaves

primary source of photosynthesis

Blade

broad, flat part of leaf

Petiole

stalk that attaches the blade to the stem

Veins

vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients

Epidermis

outer layer, often with a waxy cuticle

Mesophyll

the ground tissue where photosynthesis occurs

Stomata

pores of leaf surface, usually on the underside, for gas exchange

Tendrils

for climbing

Spines

for protection

Storage Leaves

like in bulbs

Bracts

colorful leaves near flowers

Carnivorous Leaves

for trapping insects

Flowers

the reproductive structure of angiosperms

Sepals

protect the developing bud

Petals

brightly colored to attract pollinators

Stamens

the male reproductive organ of flowers, producing pollen

Carpels

the female reproductive organ of flowers, containing the ovary

Fruits

mature, ripened ovary of a flowering plant

Simple Fruits

developed from a single ovary

Aggregate Fruits

develop from multiple separate ovaries

Multiple Fruits

develop from the ovaries of many flowers clustered together

Dicot Seeds

have two cotyledons

Monocot Seeds

have a single cotyledons

Dormancy

period of suspended growth

Germination

process where and embryo resumes growth and a seedling emerges