Kingdom Animalia General Characteristics + Acoelomates

Types of Reproduction

1. Sexual - gametic meiosis

2. asexual

3 Types of Summetry

1. Asymmetric

2. Radial

3. Bilateral

Planes of body

1. Sagittal

2. Frontal

3. Transverse

Morulla

solid ball of cells

Blastula

Hollow ball of cells

Gastrula

invaginated blastula w/ 2-3 germ layers

Diploblastic vs Triploblastic

Diplo - grow from 2 layers (ecto and endo)

Triplo - grow from 3 germ layers

Protostome

mouth formed from the blastopore

Deuterostome

anus is formed from the blastopore

Advantages of Coelom

1. can support long efficient digestive tract

2. larger sexual organs

3. Isolated + more efficient organs

Coelomate vs pseudocoelomate

Coelomate: cavity within mesoderm

Pseudocoelomate: cavity between meso and endoderm

Segmentation advantages

1. movement

2. Specializations

Acoelomates - 2 Subkingdoms divided by symmetry

1. Parazoa : lack symmetry (Sponges)

2. Eumetazoa : Have symmetry

1. Phylum Porifera - Sponges

- primitive ~ evolved from Opisthokonta

- Diploblastic w/ no defined tissues

spicules and spongin

Spicules - hard silica (triangular spiky)

Spongin - flexible protein

Spongocoel

Hollow interior of sponge

Osculum

Opening of sponge through filtered water exits

Choanocytes

"Collar Cells"

Flagella create current for "Active filer feeding"

Porocytes

Cellular pores that allow water in

Amoebocytes

- Produce sponges skeleton

- occupy mesohyl

Sponge layers

1. Epithelial

2. Mesohyl

3. Choanocyte lining

Sponge Reproduction

1. Asexual : Budding

2. Sexual : secrete spawn

Sponge stages

1. Larval : free swimming & settle on substrate

2. Gemmules : Resistant dormant structure , wait for favorable growth conditions

2. Phylum Cnidaria : Jellyfish, Anemones, Coral

- Diploblastic & emergence of tissues

Polymorphism (2 forms)

1. Polyp : Juvenile; with tentacles upwards

2. Medusa : Adult; Bell shape w/ tentacles down

Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC)

- Mouth empties into this cavity

- Cells in lining produce digestive enzymes

Cnidocystes

"Stinging cells"

- Contain a "Nematocyst" a water pressurized harpoon ; occur in batteries

Cnidaria Tissue Layers

1. Ectodermis

2. Mesoglea

3. Gastrodermis

Primitive nervous system

Nerve net coordinated muscles

Carnivorous Feeding

1. Polyp : passive filter feeders

2. Medusae : Active feeders

Cnidaria Reproduction

1. Asexual : Polyp Budding and fragmentation

2. Sexual : Medusae

Planula

ciliated larva of cnidarians

i. Class Hydrozoa - Hydroids

* Gastrozooids & Gonozooids

Gastrozooids - feeding polyps with tentacles

Gonozooids - reproductive polyps

ii. Class Scyphozoa

Jellyfish

iii. Class Cubozoa

Box Jellyfish

- Sea wasp

iv. Class Anthozoa

Anemones & Corals

* have partitions GVC

* Have zooxanthellae in tentacles

v. Ctenophora

Comb Jellies

- 8 rows of cilia

- Complete digestive systems : mouth + anus

3. Phylum Platyhelminthes

- Triploblastic

- parasitic

- Incomplete digestive system

- GVC has many lobes (diverticula)

Platyhelminthes nervous system

- cephalization

- ganglia

- eyespot

- ladder nervous system

Flame Cell

Primitive excretory system

- removes waste through cilia powered current

Platyhelminthes Reproduction

1. Asexual - fragmentation

2. Sexual - Hermaphroditic (cross fertilize)

i. Class Turbellaria - planarians

- Free-living

- glide with ventral cilia

* Dugesia

ii. Class Trematoda

-> Flukes

Endoparasites : digestive + circulatory

- Resistant outer skin

- suckers

Eg. : Clonorchis (human liver) , Fasciola (Sheep liver), Schistosoma (Blood)

iii. Class Cestoda

-> Tapeworms

Endoparasites : Digestive + Muscular

- No Digestive system

Tapeworm 3 segments

1. Scolex - head w/ suckers

2. Neck : <10 segments

3. Proglottids: large mature segments with eggs