214 Final Exam

coevolution

reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection

facilitation

is the enhancement of a population of one species by another

• both species benefit from this interaction

mutualism

is a positive/positive relationship between species that raises each others fitness - typically through frequency-dependent selection

commensalism

a positive/neutral relationship that benefits one species but has a neutral effect on the other

mutualism - obligate

mutualism - facultative

mutualism-dispersive

involve dispersal of pollen and seeds

mutualism- defensive

competition avoidance

competition with the parent plant is avoided but there is no guarantee that the seen will fall into an optimal habitat

mutualism-resource-based

predator escape

seed predators congregate under parent trees to feed on the fallen seeds, so well-dispersed seeds suffer less predation

colonization

constantly shifting environmental conditions for seed germination mean that parental location is not always a good predictor of seeding success

directed dispersal

some dispersers distribute seeds into optimal sites

commensalism relationship

in which one partner receives a benefit while the other is unaffected

inquilinism

occurs when one species uses a second species for housing - orchids grow in forks of tropical trees

phoresy

occurs when one organism uses a second organism for transportation

metabiosis

an organism uses something produced by the first, usually after its death

associational resistance

palatable plants can gain protection against herbivores through an association with unpalatable neighbors

reciprocal selection

describes selection that occurs in two species due to their interactions with one another - prerequisite for coevolution

geographic mosaic theory of coevolution

proposes that the geographic structure of population sis central tot he dynamic of coevolution

coevolutionary hotspots

mullerian mimicry

several harmful species appearance, this facilitates the learn avoidance of predators

batesian mimicry

harmless species resemble harmful or distasteful species, harmless species derive protection from predators

diversifying coevolution

an increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners

retrovirus z