Autoimmune Disorders Part I

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome, autoimmune thyroid diseases including Hashimoto’s and Grave’s, and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus based on lecture notes.

Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome

A disorder associated with the etiology of L-tryptophan, where patients experience severe myalgia and more than $50\%$ develop scleroderma-like manifestations.

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Also known as Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis; a condition characterized by diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, sporadic goiter, and hypothyroidism, associated with $HLA-DR4$ and $HLA-DR5$.

Thyroglobulin (TgAb)

An antibody whose presence is not diagnostic and whose absence does not exclude Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

Anti-thyroperoxidase Antibodies (TPO Abs)

Also known as anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies, these are complement-fixing antibodies identified in the serological evaluation of thyroid diseases.

Grave’s Disease

A hyperthyroid condition where TSH receptors on the thyroid cell surface are continually stimulated by antibody binding, often resulting in weight loss and palpitations.

TSH receptor antibody (Trab)

The specific antibody target involved in the pathogenesis of Grave's Disease.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

A chronic autoimmune disease (Type I DM) where antibodies selectively destroy the beta islet cells of the pancreas, leading to a requirement for exogenous insulin.

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)

An epidemiological form of diabetes that occurs in adults, related to the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies

Autoantibodies used to aid in the diagnosis and confirmation of Type 1 diabetes, which may be found in patients before clinical symptoms onset.

Islet cell antigen-2 (IA-2)

An autoantibody associated with Type 1 diabetes that may be present in patients years before clinical symptoms appear.

Hyperglycemia

A medical term for high blood glucose levels, often monitored alongside an increased $Hemoglobin\,A1C$ in diabetic patients.

C-peptide testing

A diagnostic test used to confirm a lack of insulin production, suggesting Type 1 diabetes, though not recommended as the primary means of diagnosis.

HLA-DR3, DR4, DQ2, DQ8

Genetic predispositions specifically associated with the development of Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type I DM).

Fine-needle aspiration

A diagnostic evaluation method involving a biopsy of the thyroid that histologically demonstrates infiltration with lymphocytes in Hashimoto's patients.