DEMOCRACY AND PARTICIPATION EXAMPLES

DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT - FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS

YES

* Universal suffrage
* more and more getting involved
* range of elections
* free and fair not much cases of voter intimidation

no

* FPTP unrepresentative
* Tories winner bonus
* 16-17 vote in socttiahd and welsh elections but not general
* 2021 election bill ID limits right to vote
* EC placed below potlicans not independent not free and fair

DEMOCRAT DEFICIT - PARLIAMENTERY DEMCORACY

yes

* representation of the Uk moving in a positive direction
* more LGBTQ+
* palrimetn more diverse
* Lords securitise policy
* lords expertise Lord Bird founder of the big issue regularly talks about poverty and homelessness expertise = good laws

NO

* holding gov to account
* fusion of powers
* govnermtn force measure not perplex scurintiese
* trad union limited
* rights to protest limited
* not criticised poorly liming rights of citzens
* lords un representative 34% women and hereditary peers

DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT - RIGHTS

yes

* right to education
* right to vote
* right to privacy (destroy fingerprints)
* right to assemble
* freedom of speech
* HRA
* equalities act

no

* Staurat weir says that ‘the rule of law is what the government says it is’
* freedom of press - freedom of information act request documents released into domino success govnermtn watered down guardian could not publish details about Saudi Arms deal
* parliamentary soviering ty HRA
* public order bill/policing act
* SC judicial review act

DEMOCRATIC DEFICIT - PARTICIPATION

yes

* youth quake
* 2001-2017
* 6.1 million e potion to have 2nd reform
* Pressure groups e.g 38 degrees

no

* 1% of public member of political party
* check book membership PG
* low turnout general election 67.8% 2019 before 90s never below 70%

16-17 years old voting facts

* rights (pay tax, join army, get married, leave school)
* polices effect them education + cover
* 31% have interest
* 35% of 18-24 years old live away from him 16-17 1%
* citizenship compulsory
* participation climate stinks
* turnout low among 18-25 years old 35%
* but in Scottish referendum 75% turnout 16-17 year old if vote now more likely later

PARTICIPATION CRISIS?

* 2001 59.6%
* 2019 67.5%
* 1990 Neve below 70%
* 18-25 turnout 25%
* membership of policy parties was 3 million now 1.1 million
* conservative 1970 3% of pop now 0.38%
* youth quake 2014 0.6% to 2018 1.5%
* e potion Hillsborough
* strikes protesters
* minor party growth SNP 100,000 members out of 5 million
* AV 42%
* Wales 50%
* 37/53 rejection of political - mistrust and apathy
* referendums higher EU 72% SCOT 80%

REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY FACTS

* 59.1% 2001
* 67.5%
* 1990 never below 70 now consistently
* turnout explained landslides
* PG, strikes e democracy pressure elective representative
* 2017 membership surge youth quake
* 173/650 MPs went to private school compared to 7% of population
* few ethnic minorities conservatives 6% population 14%
* if doesn’t look like the UK then unlike to represent it
* 2019 most diverse parliament yet
* 220 women
* 1:10 non white
* 45 gay MPs
* 2000 118 women and 12 ethnic minorities
* 1997 before only 4 since 9 referendums
* higher turnout Scots 80%
* referendums advisory
* but deliver on the will of the people

DIRECT DEMORACY PROS + CONS

* everyone gets a say
* e potion
* votes all equal - no safe v marginal seats
* 16-17 year old allowed to vote 75% In Scots participation
* creates community good Friday
* encourage genuine debate e.g Trump allowed into the UK after e potion 1 million votes
* education

no

* social division EU 27% 18-24 years old voted for compared to 60% of 65+ voted to leave
* tyranny of majority - losing side
* anti immigration polish community centre Hammersmith
* accountability all of brits took decisions who is accountable if the decision is wrong
* impractical referendum for war for example

REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY PROS + CONS

* complex issues e.g EU no referendum decide how to incorporate EU law into UK law
* better accouatniblty Ed balls
* experts in field Yvetter Cooper home affair select commit charitable focus on immigariotn and crime wouldn’t happen in direct democracy
* pluralist democracy encouraged more e.g Corbyn nationalism and abolition tuition fees
* direct does not protect minorities - representatives have based many laws e.g equality act and HRA opposition will often raise causes that the govenrmtn would not
* representative democracy better at training further leads of the country Johsnon MP major cabinet etc.

no

* representative don’t always do what people want Claire short Iraq war in favour LD tuiotn fees hold gov together
* parties dominated by elites pursing own agenda - DUP get 1 billion to support the Tories unfair
* politician incompetent or corrupt - expenses scandal and recently Patterson scandal
* not all representatives they would want due to FPTP and safe seats UKIP 4 minion votes but only 1 MP
* minority gourds might still find representative dmeocary e.g government plays on fears of immigration populism

PRESSURE GROUP - ENCOURAGE PARTICIPATION

* 16 million did not vote in last election fill void where people did not vote
* Avas help organised the 2014-15 climate protests to pressure the UN climate talks to make guarantees to tackle climate change
* 38 degrees online allow members to express opinion through platform campaign by you provides members with the technological oporutntIes to undertake their own campaigns through organising their own E petitions
* Trade unions 98% of docks voted to strike in 2023 unions mobilising to participate in politics

PRESSURE GROUPS - HOLD THE GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT

* Justice for Grenfell pushed for a public inquiry into the fire which was then granted
* Resolution foundation + Legatum pushes through earnings inline with inflation not doing so lead to 450,000 living in provers in 2023-24 think tanks swing spotlight on govment policy something PG all do
* led by donkeys catching out matt Hancock wiling to advocate for company for unbeknownst to them did not exist which was paying up to 10,000 per day

PRESSURE GROUPS - PROTECT MINORITIES

* Howard league fights for bette risen condiotns for prison inmates
* trans right grouper lobbied easing the process of trnsaiton and advocating gender recognition act
* education ACT FOR ACT campaign awareness on how HRA helps minorities
* instate of fiscal studies published data on truss budget after borrowing of 100 billion think tank said unsustainable give information to us who overwise would not have know

PRESSURE GROUPS - INTERNALLY UNDEMOCRATIC

* leaders unelected CBI - accused of sexual harassment
* distort information rather then educating STOP 5G concerned about health and environmental affects of 5G instead of focusing on the economic benefits
* undemocratic through creating mass disturbances junior doctor strikes lead to 3x excess deaths in week during and after
* direct actin used by extiniciotn rebellion just stop oil criticised and turning away some who may be sympathetic to the cause further lead to response from government public order bill etc.

PRESSURE GROUPS - PLURALISM V ELITISM

* net zero sarges govenrmtn has accepted indicate the influence of environmental groups while tax deductions contained int eh windfall ta shows energy companesin are in conception with those gourds up for govnermtn to decide balance debate
* pluralism badger cull farmers group worried about the spread of TB from bagels to cattle on the other hand there was welfare gourds worried about badger being killed government had to step in decided what to do

but no elitism

* big corps insider groups due to financial muscle and importance to the economy can often persuade governments to implement favourable policies - NISSAN threatened to leave UK after Brexit rewarded when sweeteners to stay in Sunderland
* revolving door exploit contact e.g Mark Simmonds MP then left became part of Wessex group as a senior advisor concern use health mintier contacts to influence policy
* 2020 Housing minister Robert Jennick rushing through approval of development project to satisfy a Tory donor Richard Desmond who is a property developer
* think tanks too much power IEA role in true budget 30 billion cost to tax payers reliance on narrow group of think tanks leads to elitism
* insider - NFU insider Badger example
* private healthcare companies helped draft the controversial health and social care bill that they themselves benefit from

PRESSURE GROUPS LOBBYING

* central lobby in parliament where citizens and constituent go to meet their mP
* April 2023 WARM THIS WINTER encouraged constituents to write to their MP and to join both in person and online meetings to pressurise the government to maintain support for heating costs
* TU lobby government over anti trade union law
* 60 MPs were called upon in June 2019 to support the women in prisons WOMENS FUTURE CAMPAIGN aiming to rescue the female prison population and pressurise the treasury to re direct funds made in the sale of Holloway to establish a system of women centres

lobbying bad

* Owen Patterson lobbied Minster on behalf of two companies who paid him more than 100,000 a year
* leaked whatspap message march 2023 showed charm of the health select committee Steven brine lobbied for remedied partners a firm engaged in healthcare workforce and so given favourable contracts by the NHS
* crypto groups co opt MP to sit on their boards advocate for looser regulation growing industry despite bubble concerns
* IEA filmed saying in brexit influencing game

INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS PROTECTED IN THE UK?

YES

* individual right to freedom of expression engraved into the UK rights based culture
* individual right to privacy - coalition government scrapped ID card and 2011 DNA database destroyed
* right to protest anti-brexit and pro-brexit
* right to strike 2023
* legislation HRA and ECHR

no

* liable laws freedom of expression and parliamentary privilege asymmetric rights
* curtail rights to privacy in the name of nationals security e.g WhatsApp want access to message for crime fighting
* right to demonstrate public order bill 2022 Sarah Evered Vigil was broken up by policy - COVID infringement on this
* right to strike reduced under Sunak new legislation
* lack of entrenched constitution means government can scrap rights through legislation e.g. BBR manifesto idea
* freedom of information act diluted scope narrowed no longer includes royal correspondence our right to gain information restricted by law makers

COLLECTIVE RIGHTS PROTECTED IN THE UK

* minorities like religious group not subject to hate crime


* Scottish parliemtn extent proecotin under hate crime to transgender community
* include community protection from terrorism - extension of retention without trail, more spending on anti-terrosim prevent programme
* right of community to be shield from strike Policing Act 2022
* collective rights protect 2010 equality act

no

* rights of religious groups not subject to hat speak attack from anti-woke backlash Johson misoogyny + comments labour regions and Corbyn anti-semitism


* right to shelf form strike reduce right of employees over employers
* trade union law

CONFLICT OF COLLECTIVE AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

* freedom of expression and hate speech
* Asher bakery
* COVID pandemics
* trade union laws
* depends on party in power

RIGHTS PROTECTION IN UK THROUGH RIGHTS BASED CULTURE

* developed through strong common law
* right of cohabiting couples
* right to fair trail
* Magna Carta lints on government power
* bill of rights
* EU law in UK law ECHR
* HRA
* elderly couple reunited after being placed in separate care homes siting right to family life enshrined in the ECHR
* 2010 equalities act - outlaws discrimination on age, gender, race, religion etc.
* developed rights based culture

but

* UK constrain not entrenched
* fusion of power
* BBR
* curtail rights in the interest of national security SM WhatsApp - often politicians want to appear tough on crime take security over individual right to privacy
* Asher bakery shows tension between rights

RIGHTS UK - ROLE OF JUDGES

* Judges use rule of law
* HRA judicial rights act
* 2019 judges Scotland Yard breached the rights of two women did not properly investigate Joh nwall boys who was jailed for life in 2009
* incombaptily statement
* 2016 judges overturned govnemtn plant to deny legal iAd to peel who had not lived in the Uk for more than 12 months
* declaration of incompatibility for the sexual offence act 2003
* independent judges and natural

no

* weak
* PS
* biased side with tories
* socially unrepresentative 25% female and 0 ethnic minorities

RIGHTS - REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY

* HRA
* aboriton (US not in federal law under attack)
* clarify right - 200 right e.g. to Roma in the countryside
* freedom act repealed section 44 of terrain act
* 2001 terromism allowed widespread soup and search
* scrapped ID cards
* coalition fingerprints destroyed

but

* Public order bill
* elciotn act 2021
* trade union act
* parliament dominated by executive

Pressure group facts

* Right to life UK and British pregnancy advisory service argument for both sides of aboriotn debates
* British bankers association off the books meeting with official giving direct line to govnermtn
* 2021 protest held outside downlines tree by 100s of LGBTQ+ and allied due to experience being failed by the UK healthcare system and pushing for reform to gender recognition act
* 2010 euqliaty act PG large e role
* outsider Extinction rebellion
* insider NFU
* corps
* PG highlight short coming 2020 Boris pledged to ban conversion therapy still had not year later 250,000 signatures pressure from PG built up for groups to stick to commitments
* fiscal studies instate revealed issues with the fuss budget
* David Cameron in news lobbying ex SUnak in relation to financial service company green sill

THINK TANKS - EXPERT ADVICE

* centre for social justice Ian Duncan Smith UC
* Sophie Javice Adam smith insatte became advisor of region commonwealth office therefore lots of trade experience - career pathway
* multipel roots pluralism

but are they

* cardinal Faulkner negotiated post brexit deal with Australia worked with the Legatum instate but George Ustice says gave austral everything
* idoeglically driven Tuften street IEA budget reliance on narrow group lacks scrutiny and pluralism

THINK TANKS - HODL THE GOV TO ACCOUNT

* legatos issue, bright blue, revolution foundation all suggest rising benefits with inflation/taking measures to tackle poverty all right leaning pressure government too dress
* Transparency Fiscal studies insured published data on Truss budget

THINK TANKS - FUNDING

* IEA 15% from corps like BP research on climate policy is this fair
* close relationship and revolving door
* borris Johan 2018 allowed think tank Inative are freed trade to use the map room - Sue gray said should lave paided
* Legatum accreted 9 million rom US donor overseas influence

THINK TANKS NOT INFLUENCTIAL

* IEA truss budget reversed
* police exchange document rethinking planning system for the 21st century influence johnson proposal to reform planning laws but failed passed due to unpopularity with the tories
* Ian dunkin smith UC rise with inflation
* aligned Moree influence

THINK TANKS INFLUENTIAL

* 10 tufted street alumni hired by Truss including chief economic advisor
* IEA said they participate with monthly meetings to discuss stratergy with tory polticisnas
* IEA filmed stain in breast influencing game
* rowntree foundation name check in 157 documents the fiscal studies institute 150
* matt bannock 30,000 from IEA whose chairman wants to abolish the NHS
* manifesto written by think tanks
* if part of network such as Atlas network more influence e.g. IEA and legation instate work with US think tanks heritage foundation to produce documents on brexit