Section 5 - Sport, Society and Culture

people who influence participation

• family

• friends

• role models

reasons women have less participation / for gender divide in sport

• less media coverage - less female role models for inspiration

• less sponsorship available - less opportunities and less money

• gender tagging

• gender stereotypes

ethnicity and religion

• religious beliefs and ethnic background, e.g. muslim women can’t swim due to clothing

• religious festivals and days, e.g. the sabbath for christians

• racism and racial abuse

• governing bodies have tried to make more positive role models

• policies made, e.g. ‘rooney rule’ at least one ethnic minority candidate for coach

schemes for disabled people focus on:

• adapting sports

• creating new sports

• including disabled people

socio-economic groups and sport

• most cost money

• specialist equipment and clothing

• special facilities (location)

• accessibility (have car or public transport)

• shifts or irregular hours

• need free time

age

• 16-30 - loads of opportunities

• 50+ - less strenuous limited

• young people - some sports like weightlifting or endurance are damaging

• young people - more spare time

schools

• PE classes

• PE teacher

• school facilities

commercialisation of sport

managing sport in a way designed to make profit - through sponsorship and media

sponsorship

provision of money, equipment, clothing/footwear or facilities to an individual team or event in return for some financial gain

media

• pay to cover sport so people will buy their newspaper or watch their TV show

• some companies sell sport on TV or over the internet as part of a subscription package

globalisation of sport

broadcasting sports on TV and internet make it reach larger global audience

social media

lets fans gain new ways to view favourite sports stars and further promote sponsors

sponsorship sport relationship (6)

• advertisement help sponsor get more money

• more money for sport

• better facilities for players and spectators

• better technology for officials

• better wages for players and officials

• better performance all round

media and sport relationship (8)

• sports can develop at lower levels

• more people aware - more play and watch

• more role models and inspiration

• players superstars - no private lives

• media can control - number of games, timings, rules

• save fans money BUT ticket sales decrease + worse atmosphere at stadiums

• sport officials under pressure

• can help educate spectators

sponsorship and media relationship

• more media coverage - sponsorship reaches larger audience

• sponsorship more likely - players and sport demand more money for deals

sponsorship downsides for teams and individuals (7)

• money only available for top players and teams

• if athlete injured, lost form or bad rep the deal could be lost

• bad behaviour by athlete could damage sponsor company

• special contracts like appearances that athlete doesn’t want to do

• trouble if use other companies’ products

• reliance on sponsor - sponsor can influence team (players, tactics)

• adverts can be boring for spectators

sponsorships inappropriate

• cigarette and tobacco not allowed

• alcohol sometimes allowed - bad image

• children watch sport - alcohol and fast food bad

technology benefits on players (4)

• new materials for equipment and clothes - better performance

• improve training facilities - more training

• safer - protective clothing and better playing surfaces, medical tech

• video footage and 3D modelling software - analyse athletes

technology downsides on players

• expensive - need money for highest level

• unfair advantages - less ability more tech

tech and officials

correct decisions

• hawk-eye - path and spin of balls + athlete skeleton

• decision review system (DRS) - cricket

• television match official (TMO) - rugby union - extra official who watches video replays

• goal line technology - football

advs of sport tech for decisions

• fairer decisions - benefits spectators and players

• less pressure on officials

• increased respect for umpires in cricket (DRS shows them right mostly)

• sponsors can use the breaks for ads

disadvs of tech in sport for decisions

• expensive - only top end

• undermines authority of officials

• referring to video replay can take long time

sportsmanship

playing within the rules, upholding the spirit of the game and using sports etiquette

contract to compete

unwritten agreement between competitors to comply with all the rules (unwritten and written) and to do their best

sporting etiquette

means following the unwritten rules and conventions of the activity

gamesmanship

gaining an advantage by using tactics that push the rules without breaking them

reasons for drug use in sport

• improve performance and success

• level playing field (others on drugs)

anabolic agents

• mimic testosterone

• this increases bone and muscle growth - bigger, stronger, more aggressive

• faster recovery from exercise - sprinters like them

anabolic steroids downsides

• high blood pressure, heart disease, infertility, increase risk of cancer

• women may grow facial and body hair

diuretics

• increase amount you urinate - weight loss

• good for weight divisions like boxing

diuretics downsides

• cramp

• dehydration

• loss of salts

• muscle weakness

• heart damage

narcotic analgesics

• kill pain

• less effect of fatigue and injuries from overtraining

narcotic analgesics downsides

• addictive - withdrawal symptoms

• athlete may train too hard - overtrain

• constipation and low blood pressure

peptide hormones (EPO)

• cause production of other hormones (a bit like anabolic agents)

• EPO causes blood to produce more RBCs - increases oxygen carrying capacity and endurance

peptide hormone downsides

• strokes

• heart problems

• abnormal growth

• diabetes

stimulants

• affect central nervous system

• increase mental and physical alertness

stimulants downsides

• high blood pressure

• heart and liver problems

• strokes

• addictive

beta blockers

• reduce heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure and effect of adrenaline

• ts steadies shaking hands - improves fine motor skills

• calm relaxing effect is useful in shooting sports especially

downsides of beta blockers

• nausea

• weakness

• cramp

• heart failure

• must be prescribed by medical professional

blood doping

increases RBCs count

• one method is removing blood, freezing, then reinjecting before competion

blood doping downsides

• blood thickening

• infections

• increased risk of heart attack

• blocked blood vessels (embolism)

spectator advantage

• better atmosphere for spectators and players

• home-field advantage

spectator disadvantage

• pressure on performers

• pressure on kids when at younger people games - discouragement

• planning and money + chance of crowd trouble and hooliganism

hooliganism

rowdy, aggressive and sometimes violent behaviour of fans and spectators of sport

causes of hooliganism

• rivalries

• drinking and drugs

• frustration

• display of masculinity and peer pressure

methods of prevention of hooliganism

• earlier kick offs + alcohol restrictions

  • fans drink earlier and its harder for travelling fans

• all seated stadiums

• fans segregated

  • this doesn’t stop violence outside of stadiums + longer for fans in and out

• number of police, stewards and security measures up

  • expensive

• banning orders and travel restrictions for past hooligans

• campaigns to educate fans about harm of hooliganism