Organic Chemistry: Functional groups and Reactions

Alcohol (structural)

Alkane (structural)

Alkene (structural)

Alkyne (structural)

Ether (structural)

Ketone (structural)

Halogen (structural)

Organic Acid (structural)

Aldehyde (structural)

Ester (structural)

Amide (structural)

Amine (structural)

Alcohol notation

R-OH

aldehyde notation

R-CHO

alkane notation

C-C

alkene notation

C=C

alkyne notation

C≡C

amide notation

O=C-NH2

amine notation

R-C-NH2

organic acid notation

R-COOH

ester notation

R-COO-R

ether notation

R-O-R

halide notation

C-and an ion formed from a group VII element

ketone notation

RCOR

How to make an ester

dehydration synthesis between organic acid and primary alcohol

How to make an ether

dehydration synthesis between two primary alcohols

Name of group with C=O in the middle of a carbon chain

ketone

Name of group with C=O on the end of a carbon chain

aldehyde

Name of group with COOH on the end of a carbon chain

organic acid

Name of group with COO in the middle of a carbon chain

ester

Name of group with O in the middle of a carbon chain

ether

Name of group with OH on the end of a carbon chain

primary alcohol

Name of group with OH on a carbon in the middle of a carbon chain

secondary alcohol

Name of group with OH on a carbon in the middle of a carbon chain with another carbon branch across from it

tertiary alcohol

Name of group with nitrogen attached to a carbon chain

amine

Name of group with nitrogen attached to a C=O

amide

Name of group with a group 17 element attached to a carbon chain

halide

Addition

breaking multiple bonds of an unsaturated compound and attaching hydrogens

Substitution

replacing the hydrogen atoms in an alkane group (typically with a halogen)

fermentation

sugar converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide

esterification

organic acid and alcohol combine to create an ester and water

saponification

an ester and water create an organic acid (soap) and glycerol

oxidation

burning a hydrocarbon in oxygen. excess oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water. limited oxygen produces carbon monoxide

polymerization

forming large chains from small molecules

addition polymerization

connecting unsaturated monomers to create large chains of polymers by breaking the multiple bond

condensation polymerization

removal of water (dehydration synthesis) to link monomers together

examples of natural polymers

protein, starch, cellulose

examples of artificial polymers

plastic, acrylics, nylon, synthetic rubber