Social Foundations of Health and Health Equity Review

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering social determinants of health, global health statistics, insurance policy, and cultural medicinal practices based on the lecture transcript.

According to the transcript, how did US healthcare expenses change between the past and 2016?

Expenses rose from $11\%$ to $17.9\%$.

How does US life expectancy for infants compare to other developed countries?

US babies live $2-6$ years less than babies in other developed countries, and the US has the highest infant mortality rate compared to $31/35$ countries in the OECD.

What are the three categories of 'deaths of despair' mentioned in relation to the 2018 Opioid Epidemic?

Death from prescription and illegal opioids, and suicide (described as a 'silent contributor').

In Victor Fuchs' 1983 study 'Who Shall Live?', what factors were found to drive the health differences between Nevada and Utah?

Lifestyle factors, such as lower rates of smoking, alcohol abuse, and divorce in Utah, rather than the availability of care.

What was the primary reason for the decline in Tuberculosis (TB) death rates in England and Wales over the last 200 years?

Rising standards of living, including better nutrition, better sanitation, and better housing with less crowding.

What are the five Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) listed in the notes?

1. Feeding yourself, 2. Bathing yourself, 3. Dressing yourself, 4. Using the toilet by yourself, and 5. Transferring yourself without assistance.

Which US state has the highest rates of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity according to the transcript?

Mississippi.

What is the ACE-I study conclusion regarding treatment for congestive heart failure in black versus white patients?

Death rate was not reduced by treatment in either race, but hospitalization was only reduced in whites, suggesting therapeutic recommendations may need adjustment by racial background.

Define 'Allostatic load' as described in the notes regarding stress.

The immediate stress response (fight or flight) and ongoing stress response, representing the maximum amount of stress the body can handle before plateauing.

What biological marker elevated by chronic cortisol is linked to cardiovascular disease?

C-Reactive Protein ($CRP$).

What is the Immigrant Paradox in the context of Hispanic health?

Hispanic women who immigrated to the US have an infant mortality rate $20\%$ lower than Hispanic women born in the US.

What is the difference between Maternal Mortality Rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio?

The rate is the number of pregnancy-related deaths per number of women ($15-39$), while the ratio compares pregnancy-related deaths to the number of births.

According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, how many mothers die every 2 minutes globally as of 2020?

1 mother.

Which three racial/ethnic groups carry the highest US GDP burden for health disparities?

1. Black ($69\%$), 2. Hispanic/Latino ($21\%$), and 3. Natives ($6\%$).

What are the specific components of Medicare Part A and Part B?

Part A covers inpatient care (hospital insurance) and short-term stays in skilled nursing facilities; Part B covers outpatient services (supplementary medical insurance).

What is a 'Point-of-Service Plan' (POS) in health insurance?

A plan with lower cost-sharing for in-network services that requires a primary care gatekeeper for specialist or hospital visits.

In traditional medicinal practices, what is the 'Mano Negro' used for?

It is put on babies to ward off the 'evil eye,' typically pinned to a diaper or worn on the wrist by those of Puerto Rican origin.

Define the Asian traditional practice of 'Qi gong'.

A traditional medicine using movement, meditation, and breathing to enhance the flow of qi (energy), improve circulation, and enhance the immune system.

In Navajo divination, what are the three types of methods used to diagnose illness?

1. Motion in hand, 2. Stargazing, and 3. Listening.

What causes the African traditional remedy of 'Asafetida' to be used?

It is a rotten gum resin worn around the neck to prevent contagious diseases.