respiration

respiration

a series of metabolic pathways that bring about the release of energy from glucose

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, a high energy compound

phosphorylation

an enzyme controlled process where a phosphate group is added to a molecule to make it more reactive

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

functions of ATP

• provide energy for anabolic reactions

• can phosphorylate molecules

3 stages of respiration in order

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm

the two stages of glycolysis

energy investment phase, energy payoff phase

where in the cell does glycolysis take place

the cytoplasm

the 3 final products of glycolysis

2 x pyruvate, 2ATP, 2NADH

where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place

mitochondrial matrix

where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur

the inner mitochondrial membrane

oxygen debt

the extra volume of carbon dioxide required after vigorous exercise

what do dehydrogenase enzymes do

remove hydrogen ions and electrons from substrates

products of the citric acid cycle

3NADH, 2CO2, ATP

in the citric acid cycle, what is pyruvate broken down to form

an acetyl group

in the citric acid cycle, acetly-coenzyme A passes the acetyl group to..

oxaloacetate

in the citric acid cycle, what does oxaloacetate and acetyl group form

citrate

what is the role of hydrogen ions in the electron transport chain

they are pumped across the membrane, returning through ATP synthase to release ATP

role of electrons in electron transport chain

flow along carrier proteins, releasing energy to pump hydrogen ions

role of oxygen in the electron transport chain

the final electron acceptor

anaerobic respiration

respiration without oxygen

2 stages of anaerobic respiration

1. glycolysis

2. fermentation

what does anaerobic respiration produce

lactic acid

what does lactic acid cause

muscle fatigue

what does muscle fatigue from lactic acid form

an oxygen debt

other name for lactic acid

lactate

what is lactic acid converted to when oxidised

pyruvate

fermentation

process where a little energy is derived from the partial breakdown of sugar in the absence of oxygen

what two stages of respiration require oxygen

the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain

what does fermentation in plant cells produce

alcohol and carbon dioxide

cytoplasm

thick, jelly-like fluid that fills a cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane