Cell Structure and Function Practice Exam

Comprehensive flashcards covering cell theory, types, organelles, homeostasis, and protein synthesis based on the lecture transcript.

What is the basic structure of all living things?

The cell.

How do sex cells and somatic cells differ in their reproduction methods?

Sex cells reproduce by meiosis while somatic cells (autosomes or body cells) reproduce by mitosis.

What characterizes prokaryotic cells?

Cells that do not have a nuclear membrane or membrane-bound organelles.

Which organelle acts as a "gatekeeper" and what is its composition?

The cell membrane, which is a double layer of lipids.

Why is the nucleus considered the control center of the cell?

Because it contains all the genetic information.

What is the cytoplasm and what does it hold?

A semi fluid liquid and colloidal suspension that holds organelles and dissolved nutrients such as amino acids and sugars.

What is the function of the mitochondria?

It is the site where energy ($ATP$) is obtained from food consumed and made available for the use of the cell.

What are lysosomes and what is their function?

Membrane-bound vacuoles in the cytoplasm containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest materials entering the cell.

What is the difference between Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum does not have ribosomes attached, while Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has ribosomes attached and carries out transportation of protein materials.

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

It manufactures, synthesizes, stores, and distributes hormones, enzymes, and other protein materials.

What role do basal bodies play in cell movement?

They are short, cylindrical microtubules that direct the formation of cilia and flagella.

What is the main component of the plant cell wall?

Cellulose.

Where are centrioles located and what is their role?

They lie just outside the nucleus in animal cells and play a role in cell division and motility.

What is the nucleolus and its function?

A dark-straining organelle within the nucleus containing $RNA$, proteins, and some $DNA$ that plays a role in the synthesis of ribosomal $RNA$.

Which structures are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

Chloroplasts and a tough cell wall.

What is homeostasis?

A balance or working equilibrium that is optimum for a cell's needs, obtained by internal control.

What is turgor pressure?

The pressure that determines the amount of water maintained inside the cell to counterbalance the environment outside the cell.

Which element is essential for the construction of organic molecules and supplied only by protein?

Nitrogen.

What is protein degradation?

The process by which proteins are broken down into the smallest units, called amino acids.

What is the definition of protein synthesis?

The process of combining amino acids to produce peptide chains to reconstruct proteins.