Chapter 11: Communication Disorder

What are some alternatives to standardized assessments?

• obtain a thorough case history

• use observation in a variety of naturalist contexts

• use questionnaires

• use narratives

• use the portfolio method assessment

• use language samples

• use of school records

• use conceptual scoring

• use a dynamic approach to assessment

Assessment of ____ skills is a popular way to distinguish language differences from language impairment in English learner students

working memory

____ “or transfer” refers to an error in a student’s second language that is directly produced by the influence of the first language

interference

___ versions of standardized tests are not appropriate to use because they maintain accuracy after translation

translated

List 7 possible causes of strokes

• hypertension

• arteriosclerosis

• sickle cell anemia

• diabetes

• drug abuse

• alcohol abuse

• aids

Name the five mandates of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004

Acculturation vs assimilation

Acculturation refers to the process by which immigrants assume American cultural attributes, but assimilation is the process of their incorporation into the cultural and social networks of the host society

Immigrants who are ___ are fully involved in both their own and the host cultures

bicultural

SLPs should understand ___ of various cultural groups, so that clients and families can be viewed as individuals within the general framework of their community and culture

tendencies

List the potential variables influencing behavior within a culture

• education level

• language spoken

• country of birth

• length of residence in an area

• urban versus rural background

• gender

• religion

• age

• generational membership

• socioeconomic status and pward class mobility

• neigborhood and peer group

• degree of acculturation into mainstream American life

• outmarriage

• individual choice within the intrapersonal realm

___ can be viewed as a means of categorizing others based upon perceptions that are incomplete

stereotypes

Define culture

a framework through which actions are filtered, as individuals go about the business of daily living. It includes the beliefs, behaviors, and values of a group of people

Define language

a system of symbols used to represent concepts that are formed through exposure and experience

List some intervention activity goals for English learner children

• acknowledge students cultural and linguistic backgrounds and experiences and promote self esteem

• support the development of both the first language and English

• focus on development of vocabulary skills

• promote effective communication and interaction among students

• be related to classroom curriculum including common core state standards

• build relevant cognitive processing skills such as increasing processing speed

MAE refers to ___ ___ ___

mainstream american english

When assessing bilingual patient’s, clinicians should assess skills in which languages?

Both the primary language and English

What does AAE stand for?

African American English

___ tend, as a group, to have higher prevalence of hear disease, strokes, and diabetes

hispanics

What is another name for the phenomenon in which two languages are spoken to a child beginning in early infancy?

infant bilingalism

Name the 3 alternate forms of assessment that can be used for clients who speak AAE

• language sample analysis

• contrastive analysis

• description of child’s functional communication skills

When writing assessment reports, be sure to include causations and ___ about any departures from standard testing procedures

disclaimers

NAme a popular form of dynamic assessment

response to intervention (RTI)

What does prevalence refer to?

the number of individuals

Name the two phonemes that are typically lessened or omitted in AAE

• /l/: too for tool

• /r/: doah for door

___ tend, as a group, to have high prevalence of cleft palate and otitis media

native americans

What is the most common type of recovery for bilingual stroke patients?

synergistic and differential recovery

The term ___ is a label of convenience used to refer to people who reside in the US but were born or trace the background of their families to one of the spanish speaking latin american nation or to spain

hispanic

Errors caused by interference, or transfer from the first language, indicate a communication

difference

What are the two major spanish dialects in the US?

• mexican

• caribbean

For children who speak more than one language, what are the criteria for making an accurate language impairment diagnosis?

Leanguage-learning difficulties must be present in both the primary language and in english

Define mestizo

a historically used term in latin america and spain to refer to people of mixed european and indigenous ancestry

Define silent period

The period of time when a student is learning a second language during which there is much listening and comprehension and little output

___ can be defined as the alternating or switching between two languages at the word, hrase, or sentence level

code-switching

What are some ways in which professionals can alter the administration of standardizes tests so that english learner students will perform optimally and reflect their true abilities

• omit biased items

• test beyond the ceiling

• complete the assessment over several sessions

• give instructions in both L1 and L2

• give students extra time to respond

• if students give the wrong answer as them to explain and write down their explanations

Name 2 advantages of informal testing for EL students

• tests can be matched to the students curriculum

• takes into account the fact that EL students are often very capable in their own milieus and very function in their own worlds

Why is dynamic approach highly preferable to a static approach when it comes toa ssessment of EL students?

dynamic assessment evaluates a student’s ability to learn when provided with instruction. if a child responds poorly to dynamic assessment, this may be a sign that the child has a genuine language impairment

What is oral language fluency that facilitates social interaction in daily life?

basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS)

Explain RTI

a primary component of RTI is having teachers and other support personnel use specialized, scientifically based instruction in the regular education classroom with students who are struggling academically. The instruction is given above and beyond the regular teaching that occurs on a daily basis

Cognitive-academic language proficiency (CALP) refers to oral and written language skills that are gained primarily through ___

schooling

The clinician who is utilizing the services of an interpreter for assessment of EL students has ___ responsibilities to carry out

ethical

T or F: BICS skills take longer to develop than CALP skills

False

Treatment for EL students should always be ____ and should be linguistically and culturally appropriate

individualized

It is ideal for EL students to participate in ___ education programs that nurture their L1 while teaching english

bilingual

If EL students do not qualify for speech-laguage services but need support in learning English, what are two of the options SLPs can provide?

• bilingual education

• english as a second language programs (ESL)

What are the two types of bilingualism?

• simultaneous

• sequential

Is a student is more proficient in the primary language than in english, carrying out treatment in the ___ language is usually much more effective

primary

Define incidence

the future occurrence of such an event in a population

Asian american tend, as a group to have ___ prevalence of cleft palate, especially in japanese and chinese americans

high

A test’s __ validity refers to the extent to which it reflects the child’s actual, daily environment and life experience

ecological

Heavy, life-long alcohol abuse can lead to ___ syndrome, a neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency

wernicke-korsakoff

List 4 psychometric properties of tests that do not carry over to translated versions

• validity

• reliability

• sample size

• norming populations

List 4 topics professionals must keep in mind when considering which tests to use with English learner students

• purpose of the test

• construct validity

• appropriateness of test content

• adequacy of norms

The presence of communication disorders and related medical conditions is related to several variables, including what 5 variables?

• language barriers

• poverty

• lack of health insurance

• poot diet

• lack of access to medical services

Statistics indicate that EL students are disproportionately affected by

poverty