Kin 310 Exam 3/Final - KSU

Objective Reasoning

Not influenced by personal feelings; based on facts; unbiased.

Subjective Reasoning

Existing in the mind; belonging to the thinking subject rather than to the object of thought.

Statistics

The practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data to infer properties of a whole from a representative sample.

Descriptive Statistics

Methods used to report a data set in summarized form without making predictions.

Inferential Statistics

Mathematical approach to deducing the probability of characteristics in a population based on a sample.

Statistical Literacy

Understanding the role of data, statistical terms, and effectively communicating statistical information.

Nominal Scale

A measurement scale that involves named variables, independent variable.

Ordinal Scale

A measurement scale with named and ordered variables.

Interval Scale

A measurement scale with named, ordered, and proportionate intervals between variables.

Ratio Scale

A measurement scale that includes named, ordered, proportionate intervals and can accommodate absolute zero.

Central Tendency

A single score that best represents all of the scores.

Mean

The average of a data set, calculated as Σ X/n.

Median

The middle value in a data set, calculated as (n + 1)/2.

Mode

The most common score in a data set.

Normal Curve Characteristics

Mean, median, and mode are the same; symmetrical about midpoints; tails are asymptotes.

Confidence Interval

Provides an expected upper and lower limit for a statistic at a specified probability level.

Type I Error

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true; a false positive.

Type II Error

Retaining the null hypothesis when it is false; a false negative.

Pearson Product Moment Correlation

A statistical technique used to determine the relationship between two variables.

Regression Equation

Y=a+bX; a formula predicting the behavior of a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables.

True Score Theory

Every measurement consists of true ability and error; perfect reliability has no random error.

Reliability

Consistency or dependability of a measurement.

Validity

The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Face Validity

Does the test appear to measure what it is supposed to measure?

Content Validity

The extent to which a measuring instrument contains representative tasks for the intended construct.

Concurrent Validity

The degree to which test scores correlate with a gold standard measure.

Predictive Validity

The extent to which a measure predicts future outcomes.

Construct Validity

The degree to which a test measures the theoretical construct it aims to measure.

Correlation Coefficient

A numerical indicator of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Statistical Significance

Indicates that a result is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

A statistical method used to compare means across three or more groups.

Chi-Square Test

A non-parametric test used to assess whether observed frequencies differ from expected frequencies.

Statistical Significance vs. Meaningfulness

Statistical significance must be interpreted in context, as it does not alone determine practical implications.

descriptives

methods to report data in summarized form

Test-Retest Reliability

used to assess the consistency of a measure from one time to another 

In a normal distribution with a mean of 50 and std dev of 9, 95% of the scores would lie between what two numbers

32 and 68

Ratio

has a true zero

ANOVA, the null hypothesis is normally true when your F value is closest to

 1

Inferential statistics

Mathematical approach to deducing the probability of the occurrence of a characteristic in a population based on the measured characteristics of a sample

Leptokurtic

high peakedness and thin

platykurtic

low peakedness and wide

General Linear Model

A system of equations that is used as the mathematical framework for most the statistical analyses used in applied social research

Nominal

categorical form of measurement

Standard Deviation

Estimate of the variability of the scours of a group around the mean

A correlation of r=0.80 would have a coefficient of determination

0.64 (r²)

shrinkage

In a multiple regression, this would decreased the prediction value when applied to a new sample

Type II Error

Retain the null even though its false

Power

Concept of increasing the chance of rejecting a false null hypothesis

Correlation

Statistical technique to determine the relationship between two or more variables

Random error

caused by any factors that randomly affect measurement on the variables across the sample

Systematic error

caused by any factors that systematically affect measurement of the variable across the sample

Inter-Rated/Inter-Observer Reliability

used to assess the degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon, best way to estimate reliability when measure is an observation

parallel-forms reliability

used to assess the consistency of the results of two tests constructed in the same way from the same content domain

Internal Consistency Reliability

used to assess the consistency of results across items within a test, commonly used in measurements (Cronbach’s Alpha)