Biology Lecture: Cell Structure and Mitosis

This collection of flashcards covers key vocabulary related to cell structure, mitosis, and stem cell biology as studied in the lecture.

Green Plant Cell

A cell that has a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, and is involved in photosynthesis.

Bacterial Cell

A simple, unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus; contains genetic material, ribosomes, and a cell wall.

Aerobic Respiration

A metabolic process that requires oxygen, produces 38 ATP, and results in carbon dioxide and water.

Fermentation

An anaerobic process that does not require oxygen, produces only 2 ATP, and results in carbon dioxide and ethanol.

Diploid

A cell that contains two matching sets of chromosomes, typical for body cells in humans.

Haploid

A cell with only one set of chromosomes, typical for gametes (sperm and egg cells).

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, maintaining the diploid chromosome number.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of dividing to renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types.

Meristems

Regions in plants where unspecialised cells are actively dividing by mitosis, found at root and shoot tips.

Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome joined together by a centromere before they are separated during mitosis.

Spindle Fibres

Microtubules that pull chromatids apart during cell division.

Cell Specialisation

The process through which generic cells develop into specific cell types with distinct functions.

Organ Systems

Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions in a multicellular organism.

Ethical Issues of Stem Cell Research

Controversies surrounding the use of stem cells, particularly regarding the destruction of embryos for research.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that lines cavities and surfaces of organs, such as the intestine lining.

Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that supports, binds together, and protects tissues and organs of the body.