PubPol Exam 2

Roy

1. 1924 Law based on 1890 loophole restricted Eastern and Southern Europe Immigration

2. Law capped immigration at 150K and barred Asian immigrants

3. Xenophobia, racism, and communist motivations

   1. South Carolina Senator Ellison Durant Smith and Senator David Reed

4. Executive Overreach:

   1. Donald Trump = 500 executive actions, similar to 1924 quotas

   2. Biden = hemispheric quotas

5. Good for the economy

   1. Increase productivity and control rising inflation

   2. Both parties don’t have the most favorable language towards immigrants

Arellano

1. 1964 - end of Bracero Program, WWII era agreement that brought Mexican men to U.S. (Cesar Chavez) - American farmers complained that plants would rot in fields now

2. Secretary of Labor (Wirtz) announced A-Team (1965)

   1. recruit high school athletes

3. Randy Carter (17-year-old)

   1. harsh conditions, low pay, poor meals, bad housing

   2. Mexican laborers do not have this privilege - Lori A. Flores

Tichenor

1. Gives perspective on political gridlock with immigration policies

2. 1965 reform on the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 —> 1986 Reform

   1. Legalized undocumented migrants, created a farmworker program, and increased border security (combination of employer sanctions and border security with legal status)

3. Current political polarization is at an all-time high

   1. Biparison bills for immigration fail in the House (Bush, Kennedy, and McCain)

4. Right Wing

   1. view problem as lax border control

5. Pro-business conservatives

   1. views immigration as beneficial for the economy and entrepreneurship

6. Progressive democrats

   1. U.S. has a humanitarian obligation to asylum-seekers

7. Moderate Democrats

   1. Advocates for tougher restrictions but streamlining the asylum process as well

8. 2021 - Biden shifts for tougher border security, Trump kills the bill to re-open the issue for himself again

Leonhardt

1. Says to acknowledge both sides (especially Democrats)

2. 1965 Act was promised by Johnson as not creating labor competition, even though it drastically did

   1. Good news: Children of post01965 immigrants climb economic ladder quickly

   2. Bad news: Wage stagnation for working-class Americans

3. Universalists: Prioritize fairness, care for the vulnerable globally, view immigration as a human rights issue

4. Communalists: Working class individuals that emphasize loyalty and tradition

5. Barbara Jordan from Bill Clinton was a communalist but legislation killed by business owners and liberals - this is what Leonhardt advocates for

Levine

1. Lobbyist’s most critical asset is their personal credibility and all about the need to provide a legislator with needed reliable information

2. Office meetings are the most popular venue for lobbying

3. Lobbyists should provided useful political intelligence (who supports and opposes a measure), disclose relevant facts, and possess subject expertise

4. Build a network, meet beforehand, build rapport, negotiate and compromise

5. Generally avoid kissing and telling, flashing money, taking allies for granted

Lobbying Guide - Center for Health and Gender Equity

1. Before

   1. Research the issue, research the lawmaker, schedule, make the request, finalize details

2. During meeting

   1. first impressions, opening the dialogue, deliver the message, listen and respond, make the ask, and conclude

3. After the meeting

   1. immediate steps, evaluate the yes (did they become a Champion), evaluate the maybe and no’s

Schlozman, Verba, Brady

1. Political participation is important because it ensures equal protection of interest

   1. Individual Development - John Stuart Mill argues that voluntary action makes individuals more competent

   2. Creation of Community - builds social trust

   3. Equal Protection of Interests - voting is how the citizen communicates with the government

2. Civic Voluntarism Model - Why Don’t People Participate

   1. They can’t (resources)

   2. They don’t want to (engagement)

   3. Nobody asked (recruitment)

3. Wealthy are overrepresented in politics because of time and money (mostly)

4. It’s the people who already possess resources who are able to go out and participate in politics more

5. Recruitment process usually further benefits the wealthy (rational prospecting)

6. Institutions can help, political parties tend to appeal most to the affluent, labor unions are relatively weak, churches tend to be the least class-biased, though they lean conservative

7. Participatory Stratification

   1. Political participation is skewed across social lines

UCI

1. Ojeda

   1. Lack of motivation

   2. Lack of resources

   3. Lack of recruitment

   4. Formal and informal barriers

2. Cesi Cruz - compares to work in Philippines where unreliable policy makes people uninterested in participation

3. Many citizens believe that political institutions are no longer working

   1. this leads to voters turning to political outsiders and strongmen

4. Double-Edged Sword of Social Media

   1. Positive: Reduces transaction cost of participating and empowers historically underrepresented groups

   2. Negative: Crowd out nuanced policy discussions in favor of emotional, negative campaigning

      1. passive actions may make user feel like they have done enough

5. Mental health as a barrier, vote-buying in the Philippines (this still gives constituents some benefit), small changes like lower wait times at polling places in the Philippines have large impacts

6. Transition from single-member districts to multi-member districts or implementing ranked choice voting as well

   1. potentially utilizing social nudges and closing demographic gaps

7. Democratic Backslide - results from people losing faith in the current democratic institutions

8. Multi-member districts would allow for another party to help energize those constituents

American University (Leighley and Oser)

1. Do citizens who engage politically, beyond simply casting a ballot, have their policy preferences better reflected in the votes of their representatives

2. 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Study

   1. Used congruence analysis - measuring voter preferences with actual roll call votes

   2. Ex. Affordable Care Act, keystone XL Pipeline, Repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,” Korean Free Trade Agreements

3. They found that participation does improve representation

   1. Politically active citizens had their policy prefrences more closely aligned

   2. ACA: When low income constituents engaged in piolitical activites beyond voting, their prefernces were represneted even beter

   3. There is a way to lower the socio-economic barrier through the magnitude of lower-income individuals taking action. ACA, however, was an exception given its polarizing nature and extreme awareness

4. Important becuase there are important political activities in between elections.

Graham