DCUSH S2 FINAL REVIEW

Gilded Age

an era of rapid economic growth, especially in Northern U.S. and Western U.S. and there was political corruption

Industrialization

the development of industries in a country/region on a wide scale

Urban

region surrounding a city

Political Machines

political organization in whcih a small group or a person with authority that has enough votes or is popular enough to have control over political administration or any type of govt in a city, county, or state

Infrastructure

basic facilities and installation that help a govt or community run

Political Bosses

a person who controls a faction or local branch of a political party

Vertical Integration

a business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of the production process

Horizontal Integration

strategy where a company acquires or merges with competitors at the same stage of the production process

Monopolies

where one company or person controls an entire market

Robber Barons

people who lived like nobility but were unethical men who had used trickery to become wealthy

Regulation

a rule or directive made and maintained by authority

Monetary Policies

actions taken by a government to control money supply

Trust

a group of companies controlled by a single corporate board

Laissez-Faire

policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society

Rural

outside the city, farmland

Migration

movement from one part of something to another

Frontier Homesteading

Land granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land for at least 5 years

Great Plains

region east of the Rocky Mountains

Transcontinental Railroad

train route across the US, finished in 1869

Assimilate

become absorbed and integrated into a society or culture

American Indian Americanization Movement

nationwide organized movement in 1910s to bring American Indians into the American cultural system

Nativism

political policy of promoting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants

Bessemer Steel Process

method for making steel. It revolutionized steel production in the 19th century. (Under Carnegie Steel Company)

2nd Industrial Revolution

2nd Industrial Revolution

• rapid industrial development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

• characterized by advancements in steel production, electricity, and the widespread use of the assembly line

• led to increased urbanization, technological innovation, and economic growth

• Population boom led to overpopulated industrial cities like NYC.

• Unsafe/unsanitary spaces but more jobs

Workforce Population

• middle class, made up of women, children, and immigrants

• advocated for themselves through labor unions and movements

• Noble Order of the Knights of Labor + American Federation of Labor

Thomas Edison’s Lightbulb

• gave sufficent lighting in factories/tenements to make safer spaces

• extended work hours into the nights

Urbanization effects

• cause: 2nd IR and rapid business growths

• neg effects: overpopulation, wealthy vs poor gap increase, monopolies/trusts, spread of diseases

monopolies/trusts effects

• made US an economic powerhouse

• got rid of diverse competition + made it hard for “hands-off” policies

Names of Robber Barons/Captains of Industry

• Carnegie: Carnegie Steel Company)

• Rockefeller: (Standard Oil Company)

• Vanderbilt: (Accessory Transit Company)

• Morgan: (JPMorgan and CO, US Steel Coroporation)

• Tweed: not robber baron but used corruption and fraud for power

Political machine corruption

• used fraud voting tactics

• gained complete control over certain markets/industries

• “helped” community to earn votes

• took advantage of Laissez-Faire

Govt regulation for political machines

• Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883: established a merit-based system for federal employment, reducing the influence of political patronage.

Transcontinental Railroad effects

• connected Union Pacific to Central Pacific

• Ireland/Chinese immigrant laborers across Great Plains and Mountains

• laborers faced harsh conditions

• harmed the environment with mountain blasting and tunneling, and intruded native lands

• US encouraged migration for more land, power over natives, and united country

• made travel from 6-months to 7-days

Homestead Act

• encouraged western migrations

• survived drought, crop price drops, railroad rates

Robber Barons affect on farming

• ignored complaints/worries and only worked for profit

Dawes Act

• to assimilate Natives

• took over lands and forcing culture/traditions onto them

nativism effects

fear of econmic takeover (job competition) + political ( right to vote) + religion (“Catholic takeover)

Chinese Exclusion Act

• banned Chinese immigration to the US for 10 years

• prevented current immigrants from gaining citizenship

• “throw-out Chinese” movement led Congress to support nativist ideals as the scapegoat of struggle

new immigrants

• those coming from S/E Europe

• Italians, Jews, etc

• settled into booming areas + ethnic enclaves

immigrant assimilation

• children sent into public schools

• learned English + American values

push and pull factors for immigration

• push: poverty, persecution, leck of economic/political freedom

• Pull: work, economic freedom, religious freedom, booming power in industries

Laissez- Faire in Gilded Age

• govt restricted from economic affairs led to political bosses taking over

• allowed free market practices + competition

Westward expansion impact

• gave them land if agreed to terms

• western condtitions (drought, prices, debt)

• took native lands and assimilated them

• stripped native resources (Buffalo)

• increase immigrant job opportunities

• contributed to nativist fears

2nd I.R. impact

• impacted immigration + policies by encouraging nativism

• Chinese Exclusion Act

• gave mining and railroad jobs to immigrants

Populist Party

left-wing agrarian populist late 19th century political party

Progressive Party

social/political movement aiming to represent the interests of ordinary people through political change

Ratify

make officially valid

Intiative

form of direct democracy by which a peitition meeting certain hurdles can force a legal procedure on a proposition

Recall

power for votes to peitition the demand of a removal of an elected official

Referendum

direct vote by electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue

Constituents

someone who has the ability to appoint another person to be a representative

Legislation

process of enrolling, enacting, and promulgating laws

Muchrakers

journalist who worked to expose corruption and abuses in politics/society

Boycott

act of voluntary/intentional not buying from a person, organization, or country to protest

Prohibition

nationwide constitutional ban on production, importation, transportation, and slae of alchoholic beverages

Suffrage

the right to vote

Patriarchy

male-dominated power structure

Advocate

publically supporting a cause or policy

16th Amendment

allowed the federal government to enforce an income tax on the population that would prove to be the biggest source of federal revenue

17th Amendment

made all of Congress (changing the Senate) adopt popular voting systems.

Direct Democracy

allowing the government to have more inclusion and regulation in the affairs of the people (what the citizens had wanted against political machines) and for the citizens to have power over legislation through Congress voting.

The Jungle

• book by Upton Sinclair exposing the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry

• affected society by using the inside view to "think about your food" and the safety of eating meat in the industry

• The government was able to interfere and Theodore Roosevelt set new laws to prohibit the sale of mislabeled or adultered livestock

• He also made it to where the US Department of Agriculture was required to inspect all livestock before and after it is slaughtered and processed.

• Pushed Congress to regulate; govt could regulate every day life which was not normal at the time.

Women’s Suffrage Movement

• goal was to amend the Constitution so that women could vote through protest and picketing

• The Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments, National Women's Suffrage Association, and numerous marches and powerful women accomplished this

• 19th Amendment + Washington marches during inaugural speeches of presidents

Jane Addams Reform

• led a philanthropic reform in settling houses, such as Hull House, to offer community and support to immigrants through teaching English, providing childcare, counseling poor immigrants, and treating them as neighbors rather than beneficiaries

• was very important to her to provide a sense of political activism within the culture and improve education, work conditions, workshops, and child labor laws

• Her movement inspired hundreds of other settlement houses and movements that soon laid the foundation for a professional career in social work. 

Ida B. Wells

• reform for anti-lynching

• helped progress society by advocating for lynching to be considered a crime and pushing for government and social reform

• The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and Black Women's Club(s) all focused on lynching and getting rid of it

• also was in an effort to take away Jim Crow Laws

Organic Act

• The Organic Act combined 14 parks and 20 monuments in a system to conserve scenery, natural historical objects, and wildlife

• Roosevelt supported it because he was known to want to protect natural parks and had signed the Antiquities Act and other regulations to protect them. 

• Signed by Woodrow Wilson

W.E.B. Dubois and Booker T. Washington

• DuBois believed that in order for "real change" to happen, the fight needed to be power-based and form agitation. He was considered a "utopian idealist".

• Booker Washington, however, believed in fighting against the lack of political franchisement (the ability to vote) and second-class citizenship (from segregation). He was considered a "pragmatist" or "accommodationist".

• Washington was for educating gradually, DuBois believed in immediate legal equality

Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft Progressive Presidents

• Taft passed income tax to help government with revenue

• Roosevelt passed laws to regulate businesses and industries.

Causes and Effects of Spanish American War

• calls for intervention from Americans during the battle for independence by Cuba from Spain

• US was a large trading partner with Cuba (led to their intervention as well)

• (inaccurate) news spread during that time expressing that the American ship near Cuba was bombed

• Yellow journalism played a big role in the pressure for war

• The effect of the Spanish-American War was that the United States gained control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

replaced Queen Liliuokalani

• Sanford Dole, who was big in the Hawaiin sugar business

Hawaii’s annexation reasons

• The US wanted to annex Hawaii because of the strong profit opportunities from sugar, the want to expand imperialistically, and the want to show off military strength.

Big Stick policy

• meant to enact decisive and efficient action through peaceful terms but be prepared for having to enforce these terms if things don't go by as easily

• His "Big Stick Diplomacy" made it possible that due to the unrest and disorder in Latin America, he could force the U.S. to exercise international police power to avoid a crisis

• could be seen in Latin America when he attempted to make a deal regarding the Panama Canal with Columbia and was rejected, leading to Roosevelt sending troops and being awarded 10 strips of land from Panama

• used the Monroe Doctrine to maintain law and order in Latin America and showed off his military strength and influence. 

• Roosevelts Corollary, could send troops

US Imperialism

• wanted to be a global superpower and have control over vast amounts of territory for economic and political affairs as well as show off huge military power

• some people opposed it because they were against global politics and "inferior" population integration

• explosive economic growth and needing to expand

• US wanted military bases and trade partners around the world. They opposed it because it would mean taking in more when just kicked out immigrants

Panama Canal

• connect the Pacific and Atlantic waters to allow for more commerce and believed in government expansion

• The negative effects of its building included the sending of troops and increasing power in the Latin area to maintain law and order with the Monroe Doctrine

• It led to more imperialism in the Latin American countries.

• faster trade route

Open Door Policy and Dollar Diplomacy

• Open Door Policy was to keep China open to trade to protect US financial interests in the East, especially commerce

• The Dollar Diplomacy was made to improve American commercial interests to maintain global influence

• Both of these ideas led to the US working for railroad power, even though it led to embarrassment and angered neighbors from American imperialistic attempts going too far

• The Dollar Diplomacy made money a leverage against the places the US planned to take over or gain power in.

• wanted to gain control of foreign nations - policies short lived (not very successful) (ODP: China/ DD: Latin America to protect from Europe)

Causes of WWI

• assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Briefly

• the other causes were militarism (such as the German and British naval race)

• alliances (the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente)

• imperialism (such as the British and French making Germany jealous when colonizing Africa)

• and nationalism (such as the promotion of anti-Austria-Hungarian sentiment in Serbia)

tanks/gas masks

• Gas masks: countries had started using chlorine and other poisonous gases on men in trenches, leading to a sharp increase in deaths

• The gas mask was used to combat the extreme use in the "Chemist War."

• Tanks: statement by trench warfare on the Western Front in which men could not move forward on either side.

ending of US neutrality

• the publication of the Zimmerman note in which Germany was attempting to ally with Mexico against the U.S. and the sinking of the Lusitania.

stalemate

• neither side of a battle can advance, leaving them fighting continually or not at all in one spot

• caused in WW1 because trench warfare in "No Man's Land" made it impossible for armies to move forward, making them sit in trenches for long periods and the use of tanks increased to get through these vast land areas without immediately dying.

John Pershing

• commanded the American Expeditionary Forces to Europe

• selective service act

Homefront

• US and what ppl are doing at home to support war effort

WWI Propaganda

• Propaganda used to recruit ppl, govt said to grow food, buy bonds, conserve food, and supply labor

Espionage and Sedition Acts

• Espionage Act was part of Wilson's legislation that worked to regulate anti-war speech as a federal offense punishment and was augmented with the Sedition Act in 1918

• The Sedition Act pushed for strong government interference in any act against the United States.

• People were arrested for any action against the war or government efforts in the war. Even when people were rightfully angry and demanded for change, Wilson just pushed for a stronger law.

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points

• goals: were to end World War 1 and secure world peace.

• Congress contradicted it by the Senate not allowing the US to join the League of Nations (which would mean world peace--> contradiction)

• He also tried to prevent blockades of seas and other things to make war not happen again (doesn't work)

Treaty of Versailles

• conditions of the treaty were that land that was under Germany's control be given to France, Poland, or other nations.

• The German army was restricted without air force or submarines and the land between France and Germany, Rhineland, was demilitarized

• Germany had to pay 132 billion gold in repercussions and was not allowed to join the League of Nations

• It also had to accept all responsibility for the world war

• This caused WW1 because it upset Germany's people and government being under control and demand of other countries that Hitler's plan for the future was to get out of this grasp and make Germany a powerhouse

• Allows Nazis and Hitler to take advantage of anger and take over economy when it has crashed.

isolationism

• U.S. returned after the war and had to be dragged back into World War II just as they did in World War I.

• example: not joining the League of Nations \ isolated until Pearl Harbor

 

1920’s big party

• Americans had a lot of disposable income and could spend their money on luxury items as well as their time on fun things instead of work work work.

• To celebrate WW1 --> big party

flapper

• women who had gained independence from the war and wanted their own money and to not be stuck in marriage

• They showed changing social roles through radical fashion and liberating power for independence. 

18th Amendment

• outlawed the manufacturing, selling, and transporting of alcohol

• It affected society by shutting down jobs, increasing crime rates, and leading to more dangerous consumption of alcohol leading to lots of deaths. Ultimately it led to political corruption and organized crime.

• speakeasies popped up

19th Amendment

• gave women the right to vote

• changed social roles by allowing women an independence (their suffrage) that they could feel liberated from

• Women started becoming individuals and working for themselves, rather than a marriage or household. The idea of womanhood became more than motherhood.

assembly line

• developed and refined by Henry Ford to produce goods faster and cheaper by separating tasks and making separate easier steps

• It affected the economy by allowing for mass production for cheap prices, letting the prices of many luxury goods drop and people were able to afford things easily.

• mass consumerism

Great Migration

• after WW1 in which Northern factories began recruiting African Americans and they migrated from the South where Jim Crow laws were harmful, to the West and North

• It relates to the Harlem Renaissance because not only did it lead to the birth of jazz, but African Americans had specifically migrated to big urban centers, such as Harlem, and influenced the increase of Blues and Jazz clubs and other arts.

Jazz Age

• another name for the Roaring 20s in which the cultural melting pots began to produce many forms of art, specifically jazz music which would develop into the "first original sophisticated instrumental music."

• good representation because communities began to become more inclusive and more importantly, the lavish partying that American citizens were doing after the war was celebrated in a renaissance of the arts.

• mostly listened to jazz at speakeasies (+flappers)

mass consumption

• caused the Great Depression was the introduction of credit or installments

• Because people could pay cheap prices by vowing to just pay it back later, a lot of Americans ended up in debt from their down payments

• The overwhelming debt of the middle class (or really any class) would lead to a depression in the economy.

• loans and credit originally, spent loans and credit, and then didn't have any money to pay back (+companies had surplus production)

President Herbert Hoover’s economic policies

• had a hands-off approach where he believed natural forces would fix the market

• His policies offered government loans to businesses to hire people but that was pretty much it.

• Laissez-Faire

Hoovervilles

• shantytowns of makeshift shacks named this because American citizens felt that the increased homelessness

• lack of income was at a direct result of President Hoover

• They became as common as flappers and speakeasies once were.

Dust Bowl

• drought that hit the Great Plains and killed livestock and crops, as well as forced families to migrate to other places to search for work

• It also harmed the farming practice.

• food shortage because farmers had also overproduced their crops which hurt the land

Mexican Americans as scapegoats

• used Mexican Americans as scapegoats by supporting the forcible removal of Mexican Americans after Hoover's Mexican Repatriation Act

• Families were forced off their properties, which were sold by authorities to pay for removal costs

• The Great Depression made them believe that sending away Mexican American citizens would possibly make more room for the other citizens to recover.

• deport them even if they were American citizens

causes of Great Depression

• overproduction

• stock market speculation

• the introduction of installments/credit;

• tariffs on imported goods

• unsafe reliance on banks to hold money for citizens

social impacts of Great Depression

• increase in homelessness and joblessness.

• Bread lines and soup kitchens became as common as flappers and speakeasies once were

• There was the creation of Hoovervilles, made of makeshift shacks for the poor/homeless

• Nativist opinion appeared once more with the Mexican Repatriation sending away Mexican Americans (citizen or not) as a scapegoat

• many regulations and acts were implemented by President Franklin Roosevelt after President Herbert Hoover had adopted a hands-off policy to respect Laissez-Faire. 

Roosevelt v Hoover Economic policies

• Hoover: Laissez-Faire

  • believed the market crash during the Great Depression would fix itself

• Roosevelt: immediate action in the economy

  • his responsibility to fix the crash