criminology final

What is the primary focus of the current criminal justice system?

The past, specifically guilt (mens rea and actus reus) and punishment.

In the eyes of the criminal justice system, who is the crime considered to be against?

The state, rather than the victim.

What are the three levels of policing in Canada?

Municipal, provincial, and federal.

Which organization provides federal policing in Canada?

The RCMP.

What is the maximum duration a police officer can detain someone while searching for evidence?

Up to 4 hours.

What must a police officer do if they arrest someone under the age of 18?

Contact their parents.

What is the difference between a ticket and a fine?

Police issue tickets, but only a judge can issue a fine.

What are the two options for police when making an arrest?

Putting the individual in jail immediately or issuing a promise to appear.

What are the three criteria a judge uses to decide if someone should stay in prison while awaiting judgment?

Danger to society, likelihood of not showing up to court, or public interest.

Which police unit typically employs at least 50% of a department's officers?

The patrol unit.

What was the primary objective of the 1972 Kansas City Patrol Experiment?

To determine if patrol units actually accomplished any goals.

What were the findings of the Kansas City Patrol Experiment regarding crime rates?

Crime rates remained the same regardless of the level of patrol.

How did the Kansas City Patrol Experiment affect public fear of crime?

It had no influence on the public's fear of crime.

What conclusion did researchers draw about random patrols based on the Kansas City experiment?

Random patrols result in random results.

What is the primary utility of patrol officers according to the Kansas City study?

They are effective for responding to emergencies.

Why is it difficult to reform the patrol system despite evidence of its ineffectiveness?

Because it is a massive part of police work and many officers start and remain in patrol for years.

What is reactive justice?

A system that waits for a crime to occur and then reacts to it through police, courts, jail, and probation.

Which countries are cited as having chosen reactive justice?

Canada, the USA, and Germany.

What is proactive justice?

A system that still waits for crime but acts faster than reactive justice.

What is the main criticism of the criminal justice system regarding victims?

It ignores the harm done to the victim.

How does the text describe the systemic nature of discrimination in the criminal justice system?

The system itself is inherently discriminatory, rather than just individual workers within it.

What is the role of Indigenous policing in Canada?

They work within Indigenous communities and are governed by the Police Act.

What is the main argument against the current focus on the past in criminal justice?

It is ineffective at the micro level and fails to address the present or future.

What is the primary goal of preventive justice?

To prevent crimes before they occur.

Why is preventive justice difficult to implement?

It is time-consuming and often conflicts with political interests.

How does restorative justice define a crime?

As individual harm done to a person.

What is the role of the offender in restorative justice?

To make reparations for the harm caused.

Who is considered the victim in the retributive justice system?

The state.

What is the primary focus of the retributive justice system?

Punishment and deterrence.

What is the ultimate goal of restorative justice?

To repair harm and change the offender's behavior.

What is the 'Good Lives Model' (GLM)?

A rehabilitation approach focused on promoting positive life goals and autonomy for offenders.

What is the 'Primary Good' of 'Relatedness' in the Good Lives Model?

Teaching offenders how to form healthy social and romantic relationships.

Why does the Good Lives Model emphasize hobbies and creativity?

To improve mental health and provide constructive ways for offenders to express themselves.

What does the RNR model stand for?

Risk, Needs, and Responsivity.

What is the main criticism of the RNR model in practice?

It focuses too heavily on managing risk rather than addressing underlying needs.

What is the 'Responsivity' component of the RNR model?

Tailoring interventions to the specific needs and social problems underlying an offender's behavior.

Why is the RNR model often ineffective at fixing underlying social problems?

It attempts to manage behavior through punishment rather than addressing the root causes of the crime.

What role do NGOs play in the criminal justice system?

They are often the entities most focused on actively fixing social problems.

What are the three types of NGOs mentioned in the text?

Community NGOs, Business NGOs, and Government NGOs.

What is an example of a Government NGO?

Universities and colleges.

How does the retributive system view the offender's role?

The offender serves a punishment with no requirement for personal reparation.

What is the focus of the retributive justice system regarding time?

The past, specifically reacting to the action already committed.

How does restorative justice view the victim's role?

The victim is central to the process and is supported in being restored to their pre-offense state.

What is the primary philosophy of restorative justice?

Negotiation and mediation to find a conclusion acceptable to all parties.

Why does the text suggest that juries are often absent in the current system?

Most cases do not reach the stage where a jury is involved, limiting community representation.

What is the 'Primary Good' of 'Agency' in the Good Lives Model?

Teaching offenders to have autonomy and take control of their lives.

What is the significance of 'Spirituality' in the Good Lives Model?

It is not religious, but rather focuses on helping offenders find a purpose in life.

What percentage of Canada's GDP was attributed to NGOs in 2013?

8.5% (approximately 169 billion dollars).

What are the three primary types of NGOs?

Community NGOs, Business NGOs, and Government NGOs.

What is the primary goal of Social Return on Investment (SRI)?

To measure the social value created by an investment, often involving private enterprises funding NGOs with government repayment contingent on results.

What is a major criticism of applying SRI to social problems?

It risks monetizing social issues, prioritizing profit over social outcomes, and pressuring NGOs to fake data to meet unrealistic targets.

How does Conflict Theory explain the disparity in legal consequences for white-collar criminals versus others?

It suggests the legal system is biased to protect the powerful, often resulting in harsher sentences for marginalized individuals while business leaders face fewer repercussions.

What is the primary focus of NGOs in the criminal justice system compared to the government?

NGOs focus on long-term behavior change and risk factors, while the government often focuses on short-term punishment and deterrence.

Why is the government generally slower to change than NGOs?

The government is constrained by complex legislation and bureaucratic processes, whereas NGOs have fewer legislative hurdles.

What is the primary mission of the John Howard Society?

To operate bail programs, provide educational support, and teach laws to newcomers.

How does the Elizabeth Fry Society differ from the John Howard Society?

It is smaller and focuses exclusively on female offenders.

What are the four main services provided by the Elizabeth Fry Society?

Education programs, in-jail services, advocacy, and reintegration/counseling.

Define social injustice.

The unequal distribution of power and resources within a society.

What are the three core principles of social justice?

Equal worth of all citizens, universal access to basic needs (food, shelter, etc.), and the right to self-respect, dignity, and autonomy.

Why is it often difficult to detect social injustice in one's immediate environment?

It is easier to empathize with distant or historical suffering than with immediate, local issues, and systemic harms are often hidden.

What is the primary barrier to mitigating social injustice?

The high cost in time, resources, and people, combined with the public's short attention span.

What does a 'special pardon' imply in the context of the Paul Manafort case?

It absolves an individual of all crimes, including those committed in the past that were not yet prosecuted.

How does the Paul Manafort case illustrate social injustice?

It highlights the disparity where a wealthy, powerful individual receives a lenient sentence compared to a homeless person receiving a harsher sentence for a minor crime.

What is 'stewardship' in the context of social justice?

The responsibility to take care of the environment.

What is the goal of recidivism reduction programs?

To prevent repeat offenses by the same individuals.

Why does the government often ignore victims in the criminal justice system?

The system is driven by politics and public pressure for punishment rather than restorative justice for victims.

What is the main problem with mandatory minimum punishments?

They focus on deterrence rather than addressing the root causes of crime, often worsening the situation for offenders.

What percentage of Canadians volunteered in 2013?

42%.

What is the role of a Business NGO?

To act as a charitable arm for a corporation to support community initiatives while maintaining business objectives.

Why are government-run NGOs like universities and hospitals considered 'NGOs' in this context?

They operate with a degree of independence to manage their own funds and operations, even if they are public-serving institutions.

What is the consequence of 'monetizing' social problems?

The social problem ceases to be the objective, and the focus shifts entirely to profit and meeting arbitrary financial metrics.

What is the relationship between capitalism and social injustice?

Capitalism is cited as a major reason why social injustice is difficult to eliminate due to the inherent inequality in resource distribution.

What is the final point of the 10 things to eliminate social injustice?

Governance: the need for laws and social structures that support all previous points of social justice.